Social Facilitation Flashcards
Audience
- non-interactive – passive onlookers
- interactive – audience has verbal and emotional contact with athletes
Co-actors
two or more individuals performing side by side but independently
Game Location
- home
- away
Game location factors
- crowd
- travel
- rules
- learning
critical psychological states
- competitors
- coaches
- officals
critical behavioural states
- competitors
- coaches
- officals
Performance Outcome
- primary
- secondary
- tertiary
Home vs Away Game win percentage
Baseball: 53.5% Football: 57.3% Ice Hockey: 61.1% Basketball: 64.4% Soccer: 69.0% Alpine Skiing: 23.4%
Courneya and Carron: Rules
Examined - the impact of batting last on the HA in slow-pitch baseball Recorded: - 6446 league games Controlled for: - travel: distance equal for both teams - crowds: access equal for both teams - learning/familiarity - neutral sites
Courneya and Carron: Travel
Examined: - the impact of travel on the HA in the NHL Recorded: - distance traveled - no. of time zones crossed - direction of travel - no. days between games - no. successive games at home - no. successive games on road - season game no. - interactions Found: - interaction for No. of time zones crossed X time between games explained 1% of variance in HA
Agnew and Carron: Crowd
Examined: - the impact of crowd factors on the HA in Major Junior A hockey Recorded: - crowd size - crowd density - divisional rivalry - interactions Found: - crowd density explained 1% of the variance in the HA
Dowie: Learning
Compared: - HA of NHL teams with smallest and largest playing surfaces vs. the rest of the league Found: - HA small/large surface = 65.6% - HA rest of league = 64.5%
Zeller and Jurkovac: Learning/Crowd
Compared:
- win/loss in domed versus open air stadia
Examined:
35000 major league games
Found:
- Domed: won 10.5% more games at home than on the road
- Open Air: won 7.2% more games at home than on road
Terry, Walrond and Carron: Competitors’ States
Examined:
- the impact of game location on rugby competitors precompetitive psychological states
Measures:
- confidence
- mood
Found:
- Significant differences in competitiors psychological states at home versus away
Becuase competitors are more confident when playing at home, they will be more successful and, as such, play better at home as part of the self-fulfilling philosophy
Dennis and Carron: Coaches states
Examined: - the impact of game location on NHL and Major Jr.-A coaches' precompetitive psychological states Measures: - confidence - mood states - irritability - nervousness - snthusiasm - anger - sociability Found: - no differences in mood states at home versus away - coaches expressed significantly more confidence for home games
Dennis and Carron: Coaches’ Strategies:
Examined:
- the impact of game location on coaching decisions in NHL and Major Junior A coaches
Measured: the degree to which coaches strategies involved an assertive fore-checking style at home vs away
Found:
- coaches reported they used more defensive fore-checking approach on the road that at home
Wolfson and Neave
- Testosterone is linked to dominance and aggression in animals and it also may be linked to territory defending
Method: - saliva samples one hour before three training and two away games and two home games
- players were also matched with two separate opposition squads: one a bitter rival and one classed as a moderate rival
Results: - players’ testosterone levels were similar between training and away matches, but 40% - 67% higher for home matches 9dependent on the match rival)
Dennis and Carron: team behaviour
Examined:
- the impact of game location on team fore-checking in the NHL
Measured:
- video analysis of 45 NHL games
Found:
- a more defensive fore-checking approach was adopted on the road than at home
Study: Officiating bias Nevill et al.
Method:
- examine english and soccer officials’ subjective decisions (e.g. penalties and sending off)
Results:
- officials made more subjective decisions (e.g penalties and sending off) in favour of the home side, and the observed imbalance appears to increase in divisions with larger crowds
Officiating Bias
- in order to help explain why officials make more subjective decisions in favour of the home team Nevill et at investigated where a crowds reaction to various tackles/challenges in soccer were able to influence knowledgeable observes’ opinions of what should be the correct decision
Neville et al.
Method:
- 11 semi professional referees viewed 52 tackles/challenges from a televised football match of which 26 were made by the home player and 26 were made by the home player and 26 made by the visiting player
- half the referees observed the video of these events in the presence of background crowd noise while the other half observed the video with no background crowd noise
Results:
- noise of the crowd influenced observers to award fewer fouls against home players, and more fouls against away flayers when compared with the groups receiving only visual stimulus
this result was echoed by the match referee
Dennis and Carron: Officiating Bias
Examined:
- the impact of game location on team penalties not called by officials in the NHL
Measured:
- video analysis of 82 teams
- no. of the non-calls measured
Found:
- no evidence of officiating bias in the NHL
The home advantage: what do we know?
- longstanding phenomenon in professional sport
- travel contributes to HA
- time zone travel and time between games are the two critical factors
- duration of road trip is not a factor
- distance is not a factor - crowd contributes to HA
- density is a factor
- noise is a factor
- HA is present in absence of crowds
- crowd size is not a factor - Rules are not a factor
- Game location influences coaches’
- confidence
- strategies - game location influences athletes’
- confidence
- anxiety
- mood states
- testosterone levels - officials are a factor (particularly in soccer)
- their decisions appear to be influenced by the crowd’s reaction
