Types of Research Flashcards
What is evidence based practice?
- Critical decision making
- Integration of clinical experience, needs of patient and best supporting research evidence
- Clinicians must know
◦ How & where to access evidence ◦ How to evaluate merits of evidence
◦ Distinguish between dogma and sound scientific evidence
◦ How to integrate scientific evidence into practice
Empiricism
Knowledge gained by experience & observation
ex) The tide is high when the moon is full.
Rationalism
◦ Knowledge gained by logical thought
◦ Deductive reasoning
ex) Tides are affected by the moon
Deductive Reasoning
-Structured approach utilizing an accepted premise (known as a major premise), a related minor premise, and an obvious conclusion.
-By following downward from the general to the specific, knowledge can be gained about a particular relationship.
-Major Premise:
◦ All students attend school regularly
-Minor Premise:
◦ John is a student
-Conclusion:
◦ John attends school regularly
Inductive Reasoning
- Gathering of specific information in order to make general conclusions.
- Allows new major premises to be determined.
- Inductive reasoning has been adopted into the sciences as the preferred way to explore new relationships because it allows us to use accepted knowledge as a means to gain new knowledge.
ex)
- Specific Premise: ◦ John, Sally, Lenny and Sue attended class regularly
- Specific Premise:
◦ John, Sally, Lenny, and Sue received high grades
- Conclusion: ??? ◦ Attending class regularly results in high grades
Hypothesis
Theory with defined & testable variables
Dependent Variable
What is the outcome?
Independent Variable
What is the condition that we think will cause the outcome?
Confounding Variables
- Variables that may influence results
- Must control for these
- Extraneous variables
Basic Research
◦ Development of knowledge
◦ No practical application
Applied Research
◦ Solve problem of immediate consequence
Descriptive Research
◦ Group differences, trends, relationships among factors
Experimental Research
◦ Exam effects of manipulating events or characteristics
Quasi Experimental
◦ Like experimental but w/o randomization
Ethical requirements aim to:
◦ Minimize possibility of exploitation
◦ Ensure that the rights and welfare of subjects are respected while they contribute to the generation of knowledge
What does the IRB do?
- Ensure ethical requirements fulfilled
- Check investigator biases & conflicts
- Assure non-exploitation of subjects
IRB Criteria
- Risks are minimized
- Risks are justified by anticipated benefits to subjects and/or importance of information to be gained
- Subjects selected and treated fairly
- Informed consent is adequate
What is informed consent?
- Individuals have the opportunity to decide whether or not they want to participate and continue participation based on:
◦ Disclosure of information
◦ Understanding
◦ Voluntary decision making ◦ Authorization
Editorial Process
- Submit article
- Reviewed by Editor
- Assigned to Associate Ed
- Editorial Consultants chosen
- Blind peer review
- Decision
- (accept, accept pending revisions, defer pending major revisions, or reject)
- Author notified
Primary sources
- original research
- professional journals
Secondary sources
interprets, synthesizes information from primary sources (i.e. textbooks, literature reviews)
Teritary sources
- broad and rudimentary overview of topic
- wikepedia
- lay publications
levels of evidence (EBP)
- Meta-analysis
- Randomized control trials
- Non-randomized controlled trials (i.e. cohort studies, before and after treatment vs. control group)
- Non-experimental studies (i.e. correlation, case study)
- Expert report, consensus
continuous variables
- measured along a numerical continuum
- vary smoothly
ex) degree of impairment, level of sound/stimulation, line graph
Categorical variables
- different values can be named
- steps
ex) impaired or normal, number of sessions, bar graph
2 types of experimental research
- bivalent
- multivalent
bivalent research experiment
- only 2 values of the IV used
- dichotomus
- categorical data
- ex) listening condition, binaural vs. monaural listening in noise; affect on speech recognition
multivalent experimental study
- several values (3 or more) of an IV
- effect on the dependent variable
- range of IV
- more appropriate when IV is continuous, samples the range of possible variables
Parametric Experiments
-effects of several IVs on the dependent variable
-ex) effect of age of ID, mode of communication, and duration of hearing aid use on aquisition of spoken lang.
-each IV has parameter
Age: continuous
Mode: dichotomus
Duration of HA use: continuous
