Types Of Radiation

Question 1

Nucleons are bond together by

Answer 1

Nuclear force

Question 2

Relation of distance and nuclear force

Answer 2

Close distance= strong nuclear force

Question 3

Potential energy change between tow nucleons against

Answer 3

Distance

Question 4

Negative P.E. Indicates which force between the nucleons

Answer 4

Attractive force

Question 5

Stable nuclei have a neutron/proton ratio equal to

Answer 5

1:1 and 1.5

Question 6

If the neutron-proton ratio is less than 1:1 or greater than 1.5:1 ratio this nucleus is called

Answer 6

Unstable

Question 7

Transition between atomic states excitates

Answer 7

Visible light
X-ray

Question 8

Transition between nuclear states excitates

Answer 8

Gamma rays

Question 9

Two factors that govern the ratio of neutrons to protons in a nucleus

Answer 9

1- n-p force > n-n —> favors equal number of protons and neutrons. LIGHT NUCLIDES
2- repulsive force between protons. HEAVIER NUCLIDES

Question 10

Nuclear binding energy

Answer 10

Energy required to keep the nucleus together

Question 11

Above belt

Answer 11

Beta emission

Question 12

Below belt

Answer 12

Alpha emission

Question 13

Why the measured mass of a nucleus is always smaller than the combined masses of its parts

Answer 13

Binding energy is equal to that difference

Question 14

In light elements relation between binding energy and atomic mass

Answer 14

binding energy increases as atomic mass increases

Question 15

In heavier elements relation between binding energy and atomic number

Answer 15

Binding energy decreases as atomic number increases

Question 16

Radiation types

Answer 16

Ionizing radiation
Non-ionizing radiation

Question 17

Ionizing radiation

Answer 17

Particular— alpha and beta
Electromagnetic waves — X and gamma

Question 18

Non-ionizing

Answer 18

UV
Visible
Infrared
Microwaves
Radiowaves

Question 19

If the energy transferred is not sufficient to cause ionization what occurs

Answer 19

Excitation

Question 20

The radiation particles themselves may be

Answer 20

Charged (directly ionizing)
Not charged (indirectly ionization)

Question 21

Directly ionizing radiation

Answer 21

Electrically charged particles having sufficient K.E. To produce ionization
Not require physical contact
Interact via Coulomb force — act over a distance

Question 22

Indirectly Ionizing radiation

Answer 22

Uncharged
Gamma rays and neutrons
Must come very close or physically contact
Can penetrate material and move through matter before it contacts an electron or nucleus —> directly ionizing radiation is produced

Question 23

Characteristics of alpha particles

Answer 23

Most harmful
Travel in very short range
Have large mass
Only a hazard when inhaled

Question 24

Characteristics of alpha decay

Answer 24

2 n+ 2 p= ejected
Occurs in very heavy elements bc they have more neutrons
lowers the Coulomb energy
Net electrical potential energy of the nucleus is reduced
Always produces particles with the same K.E.

Question 25

Characteristics of beta decay

Answer 25

Mass number remains same
Atomic number increases in the negative beta decay
Atomic number decreases in the positive beta decay
Electron is emitted with an ANTİNEUTRİNO
Occurs in neutron rich isotopes
Beta-minus and beta-plus decay

Question 26

During beta-minus decay

Answer 26

N—> p+ e + anti neutrino

Question 27

During beta-plus decay

Answer 27

P—> n+ positron+ neutrino

Question 28

Characteristics of beta particle

Answer 28

Can travel several meters in air
Can be stopped with a few sheets of aluminum foil, metal or plastic

Question 29

Characteristics of gamma rays

Answer 29

Short wavelength photons
Emitted when a nucleus undergoes a transition from a higher to lower energy level
Half-lives usually very short
Very high energy

Question 30

Characteristics of X-rays

Answer 30

Photons emitted from electron orbits
Lower energy then gamma rays