Types of long-term memory Flashcards
Who was the psychologist that realised the the multi-stores model’s view of the LTM was too simplistic and inflexible?
Endel Tulving (1985).
What did Tulving propose about the LTM?
He proposed there was 3 LTM stores, each containing quite different types of information. He called them episodic memory, semantic memory and procedural memory.
What is episodic memory?
The ability to recall private and personal events (episodes) that occurred, including people, objects, places and behaviours.
What is semantic memory?
The store for our knowledge of the world, including facts and our knowledge of what words and concepts mean.
What were the 3 memory stores proposed by Tulving?
- Episodic,
- Semantic,
- Procedural.
What is procedural memory?
The store for our knowledge of how to do things, including learned skills and procedures.
The meaning of words would be stored as what type of memory?
Semantic memory.
What are the three types of LTM?
- Semantic,
- Episodic,
- Procedural.
Which type of memory has been likened to a combination of a dictionary and encylopedia?
Semantic memory.
Which type of memory is conscious effort usually required to recall information from?
Episodic and Semantic memory.
A music concert would be stored as what type of memory?
Episodic memory.
Which type of memory has been likened to a diary, recording daily happenings?
Episodic memory.
Which type of memory is usually recalled from without the need for conscious effort?
Procedural memory.
Which type of memories are ‘time-stamped’?
Episodic memory.
What a dog eats would be stored as what type of memory?
Semantic memory.
A concept would be stored as what type of memory?
Semantic memory.
A visit to the dentist would be stored as what type of memory?
Episodic memory.
Episodic memories are ‘time-stamped’, are semantic memories also ‘time-stamped’?
No, semantic memories have no time order.
Which type of memory is most personal?
Episodic memory is mostly based upon personal experiences.
Episodic memories are ‘time-stamped’, what does this mean?
You can remember when they happened, (whether it be last week or last year), aswell as what happened.
A psychology lesson would be stored as what type of memory?
Episodic memory.
How to drive a car would be stored as what type of memory?
Procedural memory.
Which type of memory is least personal?
Semantic memory is mostly based upon shared facts and concepts.
A trip to a theme park would be stored as what type of memory?
Episodic memory.
Which type of memory is typically the hardest to explain?
Procedural memory because they are typically autonomous and we do not think about them.
Brushing your teeth would be stored as what type of memory?
Procedural memory.
The taste of an orange would be stored as what type of memory?
Semantic memory.
AO3 - Clinical evidence.
The case studies of HM and Clive Wearing both had great difficulty recalling past events but their semantic and procedural memories were relatively unaffected. This meant that in Clive Wearing’s case eh could read music, sing and play piano but not understand the concept of a ‘dog’. This supports the idea of multiple LTM stores.
What is declarative memory?
Explicit memories that are easy to put into words.
AO3 - Real-life applications.
Belleville (2006) demonstrated that episodic memories could be improved in older people who had a mild cognitive impairment. The trained participants performed better than a control group on an episodic memory test, this meant that certain types of memory can be identified and treated.
Which types of long-term memory are non-declarative?
Procedural memory.
Which memory is an autobiographical record of personal experience?
Episodic memory.
Which types of long-term memory are declarative?
Semantic memory and Episodic memory.
AO3 - Problems with clinical evidence.
Clive Wearing and Henry Molaison have provided lots of information about damage to memory, however, there is a serious lack of control of many variables in clinical studies.
Which type of memory is involved in language and speaking?
Procedural memory.
Some research has linked the semantic memory to which brain structure?
Hippocampus.
