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Politics > Types Of Liberalism, Its Thinkers And Historical Examples > Flashcards

Types Of Liberalism, Its Thinkers And Historical Examples Flashcards

1
Q

John Locke Views on human nature

A

Human beings are rational guided by the pursuit of self-interest, but are mindful of others’ concerns.

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2
Q

John Locke views on the state

A

The state must be representative, based on the consent of the governed

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3
Q

John Locke Views on society

A

Society predates the state: There were natural societies with natural laws and natural rights

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4
Q

John Locke views on the economy

A

State policy should respect the ‘natural right’ to private property and arbitrate effectively between individuals competing for trade and resources

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5
Q

John Locke Book

A

Two treatises of government (1690), Cornerstone of liberal thought, rejects conservative and religious beliefs and favours rational thinking.

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6
Q

Mary Woolstonecraft views on human nature

A

Rationalism defines both genders: intellectually, men and women are not very different.

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7
Q

Mary Woolstonecraft views on the state

A

The monarchical state should be replaced by a republic which enshrines women’s rights

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8
Q

Mary Woolstonecraft views on society

A

Society infantilised women and this stifled female individualism

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9
Q

Mary Woolstonecraft views on the economy

A

A free market economy would be energised by the enterprise of liberated women.

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10
Q

Mary Wollstonecraft Book to reference

A

A vindication of the rights of woman (1792) - Strong political liberal though but linked to feminist ideology

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11
Q

John Stuart Mill views on human nature

A

Though fundamentally rational, Human nature is not fixed, it is forever progressing to a higher level.

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12
Q

John Stuart Mill views on the state

A

The state should proceed cautiously towards representative democracy, mindful of minority rights

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13
Q

John Stuart mill views on society

A

The best society is was one where individuality co-existed with tolerance and self improvement.

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14
Q

John Stuart Mill views on the economy

A

Laissez-faire capitalism was vital to progress, individual enterprise and individual initiative

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15
Q

John Stuart Mill book to quote “ On liberty” (1859.)

A

Spoke about negative freedom, freedom essentially involved the absence of restraint.

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16
Q

John Rawls Views on human nature

A

Mankind is selfish, yet empathetic; valuing both individual liberty and the plight of those around them

17
Q

John Rawls views on the state

A

The state should enable less fortunate individuals to advance via public spending and public services.

18
Q

John Rawls views on society

A

The society most individuals would choose would be one where the condition of the poorest improved.

19
Q

John Rawls views on the economy

A

Free market Capitalism should be tempered by the state’s obligation to advance its poorest citizens.

20
Q

John Rawls Book

A

‘A theory of Justice’ 1971 - 2 main principles:

  • Foundational equality through progressive taxes and public spending
  • Rationally people believe that to progress a society, poorer people would be better off than what they are in society today.
21
Q

Betty Friedan views on human nature

A

Human nature has evolved in a way that discourages self-advancement among women

22
Q

Betty Friedan views on the state

A

The state should legislate to prevent continued discrimination against female individuals

23
Q

Betty Friedan views on society

A

Society remained chauvinistic towards women, through women were complicit in their repression

24
Q

Betty Friedan views on the economy

A

Free market capitalism could be an ally of female emancipation if allied to legislation precluding sexual discrimination

25
Q

Betty Friedan Book to quote

A

The Feminine Mystique (1963)- Liberal concern for individualism to be applied to everyone, male or female. Gender was hindering this, should just be equal no matter who you are.

26
Q

Liberalism

A

Promotion of individual rights, civil liberties, democracy and free enterprise

27
Q

Neo-Liberalism

A

Ideas of free market capitalism, an economic freedom amongst individuals, popularised by Margret Thatcher.

Politics (15 decks)

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