Types of heart disease

Question 1

What is the main factor that leads to more heart disease?

Answer 1

As countries become more westernised.

Question 2

What is the meaning of aetiology?

Answer 2

This is the cause of the disease (aetiological factors) such as trauma, bacteria, environment.

Question 3

What is the meaning of pathogenesis?

Answer 3

This is the mechanism of development- how diseases progress in the body (after the aetiological spark).

Question 4

What is the meaning of morphological changes?

Answer 4

These are structural changes/ alterations that are characteristic of the disease (eg hypotension= cardiac myocytes get bigger).

Question 5

What is the meaning of clinical manifestations?

Answer 5

This is how the disease presents itself/ manifest (signs, symptoms, testing)- not everyone has these.

Question 6

What is the difference between signs and symptoms?

Answer 6

Signs= what we see
Symptoms= what the patients feel (we can’t see).

Question 7

What is the meaning of diagnosis?

Answer 7

This is resulting on tests, signs, symptoms etc.

Question 8

What is the meaning of clinical course?

Answer 8

Some have an acute phase (asthma attack), some have chronic phase (breathing difficulties).

Question 9

What is the meaning of prognosis?

Answer 9

This is trying to predict the future (for survival etc).

Question 10

What is the meaning of epidemiology?

Answer 10

Study of disease in a population.

Question 11

What is the meaning of incidence?

Answer 11

This is the number of new cases (no. per 100 etc).

Question 12

What is the meaning of prevalence?

Answer 12

This is the number of existing cases (how many people are living with the disease).

Question 13

What are the 6 types of heart disease?

Answer 13

-Ischaemic heart disease/ CHD/ CAD
-Hypertensive heart disease
-Valvular heart disease
-Myocardial heart disease
-Congenital heart disease
-Pericardial heart disease

Question 14

What are some features of IHD?

Answer 14

-most common form
-modern epidemic
-atherosclerosis
-large to medium size arteries (coronary)
-thrombus and embolus

Question 15

What is the difference between a thrombus and embolus?

Answer 15

Thrombus= mass grown in artery
Embolus= mass breaks off

Question 16

What are the modifiable factors affecting IHD?

Answer 16

Weight, smoking, lifestyle, hypertension.

Question 17

What are the non- modifiable factors affecting IHD?

Answer 17

Age, family history, gender (oestrogen protects from the disease until menopause).

Question 18

What is the meaning of supply and demand for IHD?

Answer 18

If the supply is less, supply vs demand is unbalanced and you develop IHD (depending on severity of mismatch).

Question 19

What are factors that determine supply?

Answer 19

Heart rate, vascular tone (if arteries can dilate), if there is disease in the vessels (narrowed), anaemia.

Question 20

What happens to supply and demand when HR increases?

Answer 20

If HR increases to increase supply, increased demand as the heart is working harder.

Question 21

What are some factors that affect demand?

Answer 21

Preload, after load, contractility.

Question 22

When is it possible to reverse ischaemia?

Answer 22

When there is increased supply and decreased demand.

Question 23

What is the meaning of stenosis?

Answer 23

Valves stiffen and won’t open.

Question 24

What is the meaning of regurgitation?

Answer 24

Valve leaky and backflow.

Question 25

What can cause valvular heart disease?

Answer 25

Can be acquired (if fever, could allow bugs in to attack valves) or born with it.

Question 26

What is the meaning of prolapse?

Answer 26

Leaflet going back further than the annulus (cause mitral regurgitation).

Question 27

What can cause congenital heart disease?

Answer 27

Mother smoking/ drinking (born with a cardiac defect).

Question 28

What is the meaning of coarctation?

Answer 28

Aorta is narrowed- caused increase in after load. If left untreated, leads to LV hypertrophy.

Question 29

What is a sign on an ECG of hypertensive heart disease?

Answer 29

Very large R waves (more muscular mass= more electrical activity).

Question 30

What is the pressure of hypertension?

Answer 30

140/90mmHg and over.

Question 31

Which way does hypertrophy grow?

Answer 31

Inwards into chamber (makes chamber smaller).

Question 32

What is a consequence of left ventricle hypertrophy (LVH)?

Answer 32

The end diastolic volume (EDV) is lower so less blood enters and leaves (lower SV). Can also develop chest pains even though their arteries are normal.

Question 33

What is the cause of myocardial disease?

Answer 33

Ameloid proteins (very sticky) are present and stop heart contracting (become stiff).

Question 34

What are the types of cardiomyopathy?

Answer 34

-restrictive -dilated -hypertrophic

Question 35

What is normal in the pericardium?

Answer 35

Normally, 10mm pericardial fluid (no friction).

Question 36

What is pericarditis?

Answer 36

Acute- caused by infection, radiotherapy etc.

Question 37

What causes pericardial disease?

Answer 37

When fluid starts collecting quickly- life threatening. This stops the RV and LV filling. Collection of fluid can cause tamponade (RA collapse)- cause cardiac arrest.

Question 38

What is the meaning of tamponade?

Answer 38

Compression of heart by accumulation of fluid in pericardial sac.

Question 39

What are the principles of cardiac dysfunction?

Answer 39

-Pump -Obstruction -Regurg -Conduction

Question 40

What are features of pump (dysfunction)?

Answer 40

-weak, scarred, can't contract (systolic dysfunction) -heart can't fill properly (diastolic dysfunction)

Question 41

What is a sudden cardiac death?

Answer 41

Where it doesnt present itself until death.

Question 42

What are features of obstruction (dysfunction)?

Answer 42

Stenosis, atherosclerosis.

Question 43

What are features of regurg (dysfunction)?

Answer 43

Leaky valves= back flow.

Question 44

What are features of conduction (dysfunction)?

Answer 44

When electrical events go wrong, has a mechanical consequence (VT or VF).