Types of experiments - randomized and quasi

Question 1

one shot

Answer 1

-quasi
-Only one group at single point in time
-No control or comparison group
-Run an ad campaign, measure sales

Question 2

one group pretest posttest

Answer 2

-quasi
-Only one group but tested prior to and after “treatment”
- No control or comparison group
-Measure sales, run ad campaign, measure sales again

Question 3

static group

Answer 3

-quasi
-Comparison between one group that got a treatment and one that
hasn’t
-Measuring differences between 2 groups of people
-Exercisers, non-exercisers, dependent variable is resting heart rate

Question 4

before and after with control

Answer 4

-randomized
-Random assignment to either experimental or control group, everyone gets a pretest, experimental starts program exercise, then measure resting heart rate again

Question 5

solomon four group

Answer 5

-randomized
-Most robust design but harder to implement due to time and
resource constraints.
-4 groups randomly assigned – 2 groups get a pretest, 2 groups do not, 2 groups get a treatment, 2 groups do not, and everybody gets a posttest

Question 6

after only with control

Answer 6

-randomized
-When researchers want to eliminate testing effects, so only a
posttest measurement is done
-Randomly assigned to experimental or control group, then measure some outcome
-best one

Question 7

quasi experiment

Answer 7

no random assignment to conditions
Threats to internal validity and control.

Question 8

true experiment

Answer 8

random assignment to conditions

Question 9

random assignment

Answer 9

-For internal validity
- To establish control in experiments

Question 10

random sampling

Answer 10

-For external validity
-To be able to generalize from a sample to a larger population

Question 11

How to establish a cause and effect relationship:

Answer 11

-Covaration
-Temporal precedence
-Internal validity

Question 12

covariation

Answer 12

(correlation) positive or negative

Question 13

temporal precedence

Answer 13

the cause precedes the effect

Question 14

internal validity

Answer 14

★refers to our ability to rule out plausible alternative explanations for the relationship★

Question 15

threats to internal validity

Answer 15

-History
-Maturation
-Testing (two types)
-Instrumentation
-Selection
-Mortality

Question 16

history

Answer 16

occurs outside the experiment. Has an effect on the dependent variable.

Question 17

maturation

Answer 17

refers to our participants getting older, smarter, wiser, growing up

Question 18

testing

Answer 18

(interactive testing): The Practice, practice at time 1 gets you to do better at time 2.

Question 19

instrumentation

Answer 19

any change from O1 to O2 is due to the measuring instrument

Question 20

selection

Answer 20

refers to whether or not if we can randomly assign people to control

Question 21

mortality

Answer 21

Mortality: people dropping out of the study. Cannot force them.

Question 22

questionaire design

Answer 22

-demographics last
-satisficing v. optimizing
-funnel technique
-grice’s norms of conversation
-leading/loaded questions
-ranking v. rating
-types of questions
-open v. closd

Question 23

satisficing/optimizing

Answer 23

people tend to satisfice → typically cognitively lazy
Weak and strong forms of satisficing
Want them to optimize

Question 24

funnel technique

Answer 24

Start with broad questions, move to more specific questions

Question 25

grice’s norms of conversation

Answer 25

1. The maxim of quality: Try to make your contribution one that is true. Specifically, do not say what you believe to be false, and do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence
2. The maxim of quantity: Make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purposes of the exchange, and do not make your contribution more informative than is required
3. The maxim of relevance: Make your contribution relevant
4. The maxim of manner: Be perspicuous, and specifically avoid obscurity, avoid ambiguity, be brief, and be orderly
   -These 4 norms are things you don’t realize till someone violates them

Question 26

leading/loaded questions

Answer 26

→ one that implies a specific answer (leading), emotionally charged (loading)

Question 27

open questions

Answer 27

great because its a free flowing conversation, downside: get pages of transcribed information, and you have to develop a coding scheme to condense into data,
-Anytime you want a number –use should ask an open ended question! How much, how often, how old, etc

Question 28

closed questions

Answer 28

-minimal to statistical analyses, faster, cheaper, and easier to analyze, very efficient, downside – rigid and artificial
types of closed questions
-Simple dichotomy – yes/no, like/dislike, approve/disapprove
-Determinant choice – multiple choice questions, scales
-Frequency determination – how often
For frequency determination questions, it’s better to use open ended questions
-Checklist – which of the following
-Constant sum – allocate 100 points

Question 29

ratings/rankings

Answer 29

Ratings allow for non-differentiation
Ranking- – force people to differentiate