exam 1 at a glimpse

Question 1

pierce’s 4 paths (listed from worst to best)

Answer 1

-Method of tenacity: people are stubbornly hanging on to their familiar beliefs, familiar beliefs bring peace of mind → (problematic)
-Method of authority: somebody who is older, wiser, more experienced, has some sort of title, tells you what is right or wrong, what is true or false → (problematic)
-A priori method: reasoning from cause and effect, careful reasoning, independent from any observation
★Scientific method: reliance on empirical inquiry, characterized by a particular rhetoric, limits & boundaries to scientific truths; probabilistic truth, systematic techniques or procedures used to analyze empirical evidence in an unbiased attempt to confirm or disprove prior conceptions

Question 2

Qualitative

Answer 2

primary open-ended probing ?’s, in-depth interview, seeking background info

Question 3

Quantitative:

Answer 3

best for generalizing, looking for differences among groups, observation, surveys, experiments

Question 4

Basic and applied:

Answer 4

basic → conducted to expand the boundaries of knowledge itself, to verify the acceptability of a theory. Applied → undertaken to answer questions about specific problems or to make decisions about particular courses of action (used more in advertising!)

Question 5

Lab and field:

Answer 5

lab → knowledge-driven, lab-based, experimental, homothetic. Field → problem-driven, field-based, correlational, idiographic

Question 6

Inductive and deductive

Answer 6

inductive → starts with observations. Deductive → starts with hypothesis

Question 7

conceptual definition

Answer 7

a verbal adaptation of the meaning of a concept; expresses the central or core idea of a concept, define what the concept is and what it is not

Question 8

operational definition

Answer 8

-an explanation that gives meaning to a concept by specifying the activities or operations necessary to measure it
-The operational definition removes the concept from the feelings and intuitions of a particular individual and allows it to be tested by anyone who can carry out the measurable operations

Question 9

normal distribution

Answer 9

normal curve, bell shaped, almost all of its values are within +/- 3 sd

Question 10

5 “moral foundations”

Answer 10

harm, fairness, ingroup, authority, purity

Question 11

code of ethics

Answer 11

-helps make expectations explicit
-Respect for persons → decision to participate must be an informed decision, protect those with diminished autonomy
-Beneficence → “do no harm” while maximizing benefits to research and participants
-Justice → “who ought to receive the benerfits of research AND bear its burdens?”

Question 12

reliability

Answer 12

provides a consistent result over and over

Question 13

validity

Answer 13

when the measure is what you’re trying to measure

Question 14

sensitivity

Answer 14

can detect change

Question 15

you want:

Answer 15

reliable and valid!

Question 16

assessing reliability

Answer 16

test-retest reliability repeats administration of test item under equivalent conditions to same group of people
Alternative forms give alternative forms of item to same group, administered at 2 different points in time

Question 17

assessing validity

Answer 17

Face validity → consensus of agreement
Concurrent validity → compare to accepted measure(s)
Predictive validity → determine extent to which today’s measure accurately predicts different, future measures(s)

Question 18

★variables that are correlated are not necessarily CAUSALLY related

Answer 18

CORRELATION DOES NOT EQUAL CAUSATION