Types of Disabilities Flashcards
Define Blindness
Sightlessness or loss of vision. May refer to partial blindness
Causes of Blindess
Diabetes Macular Degeneration Glaucoma Accidents or traumatic injury Stroke Retinis Pigmentosa
What is the Legal Definition of Blindness used for?
To determine eligibility in programs
What is the Legal Definition of Blindness in the U.S.?
A person with a visual acuity of 20/200 with corrective lenses or has a field of vision 20 degrees in the eye with better vision
How do screen readers work for visually impaired?
Convert text into spoken words
How can visually impaired people be supported with digital or electronic interfaces?
A Screen readers B Self-voicing interfaces C Refreshable braille D None of the Above E All of the Above
E All of the Above
Screen readers
Self-voicing interfaces
Refreshable braille
How can visually impaired people be supported with screen content when screen readers were not optimized?
A They cannot be. Without optimization content is not accessible
B Ensure markup is compatible with assistive tech
C Rely on external assistive technology
B Ensure markup is compatible with assistive tech
How can visually impaired people be supported with walking?
Canes
Service animals
GPS instructions
Raised tiles on ground to indicate edges / danger
Eliminate low-hanging architectural features that may be an obstacle
Clear pathways
How can visually impaired people be supported with signs on buildings that they may not see?
Map and geolocation support on phone
Braille labels and descriptions
Tactile models
How can visually impaired people be supported with controls on flat devices such as microwaves?
Alternative interfaces
Audio interfaces
Remote control through mobile applications
How can visually impaired people be supported with the inability to read money to determine its value
Applications to photograph money and read value
Different size and shapes for different values
Non-cash payment options
How can visually impaired people be supported with reading books and printed materials
OCR
Online content that is accessible through assistive technology
Define Low Vision
Can see, but far from perfect even with corrective lenses. Broad category of conditions and impairments
How does Screen Magnification impact those with Low Vision?
Zoom Text or MAGic tools allow magnifying parts of the screen
How do Screen Readers impact those with Low Vision?
Often thought of for blind, but support low vision too, making visuals easier to understand
How does Color Customization impact those with Low Vision?
Some contrast ratios are difficult to distinguish and color alone should not be used to communicate information.
Define Color Blindness
Refers to inability to distinguish between certain kinds of colors
What are the most prevalent form of color blindness?
Red-Green color blindness
Define Deuteranopia and Protanopia
Two common sub types of red-green color blindness
Define Tritanopia
Blue-yellow color blindness
Define Achromatopsia
Insensitivity to all colors, seeing in grayscale
Define Deafblindness
If a person is both deaf and blind
Define Auditory Disabilities
Involve hearing impairment, hearing loss, and deafness
Define Central Auditory Processing Disorder (ADP)
Results in difficulty processing sounds or speech. No measurable hearing loss but difficulty interpreting, organizing, or analyzing what is heard.
May be confused with ADHD, learning disabilities, emotional delays
Distinguish between Deafness and Deaf Culture
deaf, lowercase d, is the condition of deafness
Deaf, capital D, refers to Deaf Culture, or the community
How can Web Accessibility support deafness?
Provide synchronize video captions plus a transcript on video
Define Mobility Disabilities
Affect person’s ability to move independently and purposely such as missing limbs, MS, cerebral palsy, stroke, paralysis, arthritis
What percentage of adults in US have a mobility disability?
A < 2.5 % of adults B 3.5% of adults C 4% of adults D 8.5% of adults E 10-12% of adults
3.5% of adults
What percentage of children across the world have ADHD, impacting fine motor control?
A < 3% B 3-7% of children worldwide C 8-11% of children worldwide D 12-18% of children worldwide E 19-24% of children worldwide
B 3-7% of children worldwide
What are some examples of body structure impacting ability?
Body size, shape, stature, proportions, dwarfism, rheumatoid arthritis, acromegaly (increased bone size), obesity
What percentage of the world’s population has rheumatoid arthritis?
A 1% B 3-5% C 7-10% D 12% E 14-17%
A 1%
What percentage of the world’s population have obesity?
A < 10% B 15-25 % C 30-32% D 39-40% E 48-51%
D 39-40%
What are some assistive technologies for those with motor disabilities with regards to computers?
Vertical keyboard and mouth stick
One handed keyboard
Expanded keyboard with raised sections
Speech recognition
What are the common causes of Cognitive Disabilites?
Congenital conditions, development conditions, traumatic injury, infections, chemical imbalances
What are common challenges for Web Accessibility regarding those with Cognitive Disabilities?
Limited comprehension Low tolerance for cognitive overload Limited problem solving skills Short term memory loss Attention deficit
Define Dyslexia
Often impacts those with cognitive disabilities. Letters appear out of order or combine/confuse letters
Define Math Disabilies
Either A: Math anxiety, emotional or psychological fear.
Or
B: Actual inability for brains to process numerical thinking
Define Stuttering
Speech disability affecting fluency of sounds. May involuntarily repeat, prolong, skip, or block sounds
Define Cluttering
Speech disability affecitng fluency of speech where rapid speech may become inconsistent with rhythm, syntax, and grammar
Define Apraxia
Speech disability where difficulty using muscles for speech
Define Dysarthria
Speech disability caused from brain damage
Define Mutism
Complete inability to produce a speaking voice
Define: Unaided Augmentative and Alternative Communication
DO NOT rely on use of external tools, instead rely on body language, facial expressions, gestures, and sign language
Define Aided Augmentative and Alternative Communication
Rely on electronic or non electronic tools and the person’s body (low tech pen and paper all the way through high tech aids)
Define Seizeures
Abnormal or erratic electrical impulses in the brain interfering with ability to process information, or in some cases control muslce movement
Define Photo-Epileptic Seizures
Caused by Flashing or strobe like effects
Define Psychological / Psyciatric Disabilities
Vast range of emotional and mental conditions. First diagnosed as mental illnesses. Includes Depression, Anxiety Disorders, Eating Disorders, Schizophrenia
Define Panic Disorder
Anxiety disorder caused by feelings of terror or impending doom
Define Phobias
Anxiety disorder. Strong, excessive, paralyzing fears of objects or situations (e.g., Claustrophobia, arachnophobia)
Define Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Anxiety disorder after being exposed to a traumatic event such as war, violence, natural disaster
Define Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Anxiety disorder where a person has perpetually upsetting, distressing thoughts called obsessions and person needs to repeat action to alleviate fear (compulsion)
Define Depression
Mood Disorder. Characterized as brain disorder. Prolonged sadness, loss of interest
Define Bipolar Disorder
Mood Disorder. Consists of cycling periods of mania, highs, and lows
Define Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
Mood Disorder. Affects individuals during fall and winter months.
Define Schizophrenia
Causes unknown. Categorized as positive and negaitve
Define Positive Schizophrenia
Involves hallucinations and delusions. Hearing voices
Define Negative Schizophrenia
Involves lack of motivation, dreary mood, isolation
Define Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Behavioral disorder difficulty focussing, paying attention, controlling behavior. Experiences divided into three categories
How does Inattention relate to ADHD?
Easily distracted, daydreaming, difficulty focussing
How does Hyperactivity relate to ADHD?
Continuous talking, running around, fidgeting, touching things, difficulty completing quiet tasks
How doe Impulsivity relate to ADHD?
Lack of patience, unsolicited remarks, difficulty controlling emotions
Define Antisocial Personality Disorder
Patterns of behavior showing no regard for rights of others
Define Borderline Personality Disorder
Personality disorder where a person experiences long-term instability in mood, behaviors, relationships, self-image
Define Anorexia Nervosa
Eating Disorder. Eat very little food, feat of gaining wait
Define Bulimia Nervosa
Eating Disorder. Eats a lot of food and purges the food.
Define Compulsive or binge eating
Eating Disorder. Eating larger amount than typical in short amount of time. Intermittent fasting and bingeing
