Types of Communication Strategies II

Question 1

sometimes called sentential topic

refers to the main idea or focus of a sentence

specific

Answer 1

Sentence topic

Question 2

refers to the topic of the conversation as a whole

general

Answer 2

Discourse topic

Question 3

occurs when the main or assigned speaker
manipulates the discussion in order to maintain its flow without
moving away from or changing the topic.

Topic control is a communication strategy that helps the
speaker keep the conversation focused on one central idea.
This is also beneficial for the receiver of the speaker’s message
since he/she is more guided in what and how to respond, as
the topic is controlled.

Answer 3

Topic control

Question 4

Participants should be mindful of verbal cues as the main
speaker uses statements such as “Let’s focus on . . .” or “Let’s
discuss . . .” to set the topic of the conversation, or “As I was
saying . . .” or “Going back to . . .” to sustain or return to the
original topic.

Question 5

occurs when one intentionally or unintentionally
changes the direction of the flow of ideas in a conversation.

Answer 5

Topic shifting

Question 6

is usually done in the following situations:

when there is silence

when the current topic is unfamiliar to him or her,

when the speaker is not interested in the topic being talked
about

when the speaker associates certain subjects or ideas to the
current topic and wants to talk about those subjects or ideas
instead

Answer 6

Topic shifting

Question 7

occurs when the listener concentrates on
some phrases from the last statement mentioned by the
speaker. The idea develops and sticks within the context of the
situation.

Answer 7

Speaking topically

Question 8

occurs when the listener concentrates on
a word, but the newly introduced idea may not be related to the
context of the topic.

Answer 8

Speaking on the topic

Question 9

also called interruption

occurs when a speaker is not able to fulfill his or her purpose
because a participant takes over the role of being a speaker,
without allowing him or her to finish his or her turn first

Answer 9

Grabbing the floor

Question 10

similar to grabbing the floor

both of the participants talk simultaneously

may also happen when two or more participants start
speaking at the same time

Answer 10

Overlapping

Question 11

occurs when the speaker continues speaking and ignores
others who try to join or take over the discussion

Answer 11

Hogging the floor

Question 12

also called dead air

occurs when no one wants to speak or take over the
discussion

Answer 12

Being silent

Question 13

includes improper articulations, use of the wrong word, failing
to hear or be heard, incorrect understanding by the listener,
and trouble on the part of the recipient to understand

Answer 13

Trouble in speaking, hearing, or understanding

Question 14

Common Violations:

Answer 14

Grabbing the floor

Overlapping

Hogging the floor

Being silent

Trouble in speaking, hearing, or understanding

Question 15

Causes of Violations in Communication Situations

Answer 15

Personal Aggrandizement

Social Pressure

Lack of Confidence

Lack of Knowledge

Question 16

Effects of Violations in Communication Situations

Answer 16

Miscommunication
Unachieved Goals

Question 17

1

Answer 17

Listener

Speaker

Question 18

as the set of practices whereby a participant
interrupts the ongoing course of action to attend to
possible trouble in speaking, hearing, or understanding the
talk.

Answer 18

Repair

Question 19

refers to the participants’
use of expressions to end the conversation.

Answer 19

Termination,

Question 20

Types of Repair

Answer 20

Self-initiated self-repair

Other-initiated self-repair

Self-initiated other-repair

Other-initiated other-repair

Question 21

initiated and fixed by the speaker of the trouble source

often carried out when the speaker corrects himself or herself
or when he or she cannot find the right word but then is able
to find it after a short pause.

Answer 21

Self-initiated self-repair

Question 22

initiated by another participant but is fixed by the speaker of
the trouble source

typically occurs when another participant could not hear the
speaker or has misunderstood the speaker

Answer 22

Other-initiated self-repair

Question 23

initiated by the speaker of the trouble source but is fixed by
another participant

happens when the speaker could not find the right word or
phrase and another participant supplies it in the conversation

Answer 23

Self-initiated other-repair

Question 24

both fixed and initiated by another participant

usually occurs when the speaker misarticulated something or
says wrong information, which prompts another participant to
correct him or her

Answer 24

Other-initiated other-repair

Question 25

Recognize the violation.

Shift back to the main topic.

Asking leading questions to let other participants know that
they have returned to the original topic.

After disregarding unnecessary topics or once the
participants have said what they want to say at that time, the
conversation may already be terminated. This can be done
by taking a break, rescheduling the discussion, or by simply
using statements that signal the end of the interaction.