Types of Communication Strategies II Flashcards
sometimes called sentential topic
refers to the main idea or focus of a sentence
specific
Sentence topic
refers to the topic of the conversation as a whole
general
Discourse topic
occurs when the main or assigned speaker
manipulates the discussion in order to maintain its flow without
moving away from or changing the topic.
Topic control is a communication strategy that helps the
speaker keep the conversation focused on one central idea.
This is also beneficial for the receiver of the speaker’s message
since he/she is more guided in what and how to respond, as
the topic is controlled.
Topic control
Participants should be mindful of verbal cues as the main
speaker uses statements such as “Let’s focus on . . .” or “Let’s
discuss . . .” to set the topic of the conversation, or “As I was
saying . . .” or “Going back to . . .” to sustain or return to the
original topic.
occurs when one intentionally or unintentionally
changes the direction of the flow of ideas in a conversation.
Topic shifting
is usually done in the following situations:
when there is silence
when the current topic is unfamiliar to him or her,
when the speaker is not interested in the topic being talked
about
when the speaker associates certain subjects or ideas to the
current topic and wants to talk about those subjects or ideas
instead
Topic shifting
occurs when the listener concentrates on
some phrases from the last statement mentioned by the
speaker. The idea develops and sticks within the context of the
situation.
Speaking topically
occurs when the listener concentrates on
a word, but the newly introduced idea may not be related to the
context of the topic.
Speaking on the topic
also called interruption
occurs when a speaker is not able to fulfill his or her purpose
because a participant takes over the role of being a speaker,
without allowing him or her to finish his or her turn first
Grabbing the floor
similar to grabbing the floor
both of the participants talk simultaneously
may also happen when two or more participants start
speaking at the same time
Overlapping
occurs when the speaker continues speaking and ignores
others who try to join or take over the discussion
Hogging the floor
also called dead air
occurs when no one wants to speak or take over the
discussion
Being silent
includes improper articulations, use of the wrong word, failing
to hear or be heard, incorrect understanding by the listener,
and trouble on the part of the recipient to understand
Trouble in speaking, hearing, or understanding
Common Violations:
Grabbing the floor
Overlapping
Hogging the floor
Being silent
Trouble in speaking, hearing, or understanding
Causes of Violations in Communication Situations
Personal Aggrandizement
Social Pressure
Lack of Confidence
Lack of Knowledge
Effects of Violations in Communication Situations
Miscommunication
Unachieved Goals
1
Listener
Speaker
as the set of practices whereby a participant
interrupts the ongoing course of action to attend to
possible trouble in speaking, hearing, or understanding the
talk.
Repair
refers to the participants’
use of expressions to end the conversation.
Termination,
Types of Repair
Self-initiated self-repair
Other-initiated self-repair
Self-initiated other-repair
Other-initiated other-repair
initiated and fixed by the speaker of the trouble source
often carried out when the speaker corrects himself or herself
or when he or she cannot find the right word but then is able
to find it after a short pause.
Self-initiated self-repair
initiated by another participant but is fixed by the speaker of
the trouble source
typically occurs when another participant could not hear the
speaker or has misunderstood the speaker
Other-initiated self-repair
initiated by the speaker of the trouble source but is fixed by
another participant
happens when the speaker could not find the right word or
phrase and another participant supplies it in the conversation
Self-initiated other-repair
both fixed and initiated by another participant
usually occurs when the speaker misarticulated something or
says wrong information, which prompts another participant to
correct him or her
Other-initiated other-repair
Recognize the violation.
Shift back to the main topic.
Asking leading questions to let other participants know that
they have returned to the original topic.
After disregarding unnecessary topics or once the
participants have said what they want to say at that time, the
conversation may already be terminated. This can be done
by taking a break, rescheduling the discussion, or by simply
using statements that signal the end of the interaction.
