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OCN Review > Types Of Cancer > Flashcards

Types Of Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Carcinoma

A

Formed by epithelial cells

80-90% of all cancers

Column like shape

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2
Q

Multiple myeloma

A

Begins in plasma cells
Build up in bone marrow and form tumors in bones
B cell malignancy of the plasma cells characterize by specific hallmark symptoms

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3
Q

Most common cancer

A

In descending order:
Breast, lung/bronchus, prostate, colorectal, melanoma, bladder, NHL

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4
Q

Most common cancer in men

A

Prostate, lung, colorectal

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5
Q

Most common cancer in women

A

Breast, lung, colorectal

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6
Q

Oncogene: HER2/neu

A

Breast, gastric, gastroesophageal junction

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7
Q

Oncogene: ALK

A

Lung, Anaplastic large cell lymphoma

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8
Q

Oncogene: BCR/ABL

A

Leukemia

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9
Q

Oncogene: RAS

A

Bladder, lung, breast, ovarian

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10
Q

BRCA1/BRCA2

A

Tumor suppressor genes that encounter a recessive mutation in which both in pair are damaged

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11
Q

TP53

A

Tumor suppressor genes that encounter a recessive mutation in which both in pair are damaged

> 50% of all cancers

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12
Q

Risk factor: HIV

A

Kaposi sarcoma, cervical, head & neck lymphomas

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13
Q

Risk factor: UV radiation

A

Nonmelanoma skin cancer

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14
Q

What is the main risk factor for SCLC?

A

Tobacco use

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15
Q

Which lung cancer is fast growing, disuse, and aggressive? And often diagnosed at advanced stage?

A

SCLC

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16
Q

What is the most common type of lung cancer?

A

NSCLC

Specifically, adenocarcinoma

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17
Q

What are the risk factors for breast cancer?

A

Age (>45)
Prolonged exposure to ovarian hormones, particularly estrogen

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18
Q

What are the risk factors for NSCLC?

A

Tobacco use, radon gas, asbestos, 2nd hand smoke, occupational hazards, radiation, TB, fam hx of lung cancer

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19
Q

What are S&S for local or regional lung cancer?

A

Cough, wheezing, stridor, hemoptysis, pleuritic pain, SOB, atelectasis, PNA, pleural effusions

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20
Q

What are S&S for advanced lung cancer?

A

Fatigue, cough, dyspnea, decreased appetite and weight

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21
Q

What are S&S of a pancoast tumor (lung)?

A

Horner syndrome (drooping eyelid, absence of sweating, sinking of eyeball, constricted pupil on same side as tumor), radiating pain shoulder to forearm

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22
Q

What are the risk factors for gastric cancer?

A

H pylori infection
Age
Male
Hispanic/AA/Asian islander/Native American
Diet low in fruits & veg/high in salted or smoked foods
Chronic GI conditions
Cigarette smoking
Pernicious anemia
Fam hx gastric cancer/familial adenomatous polyposis/hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer syndrome (Lynch’s syndrome)
Obese
Previous stomach surgery
Type A blood
Works in coal, metal, rubber
EBV infection

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23
Q

What are the risk factors for colorectal cancer?

A

Age, hx of CRC, polyps, ovarian CA, bowel disease, 1st degree relative with CRC, lynch syndrome, AA/Ashkenazi Jews, diet high in red or processed meats and low in fruit & veg, obesity, physical inactivity, heavy alcohol consumption, smoking, type II DM, insulin use

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24
Q

59% or colon cancer patients will be diagnosed with what?

A

Liver Mets
20% on initial diagnosis
20-30% after primary treatment

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25
Q

Which cancer are these S&S of?
Fatigue, feeling of incomplete stooling, and pain, bloating, change in bowel habits, black tarry stools or bright red, jaundice

A

Colon cancer

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26
Q

Which cancer are these S&S of?
Change in bowel habits, bright red bleeding, painful defecation

A

Rectal cancer

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27
Q

What are the risk factors for anal cancer?

A

Receptive anal intercourse, many life partners, HPV infection, cigarette smoking

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28
Q

What are the risk factors for pancreatic cancer?

A

Age, male, AA, Type II DM, stomach conditions, chronic pancreatitis, cirrhosis, genetic predisposition (Lynch, BRCA mutations), 1st degree relatives with pancreatic cancer

Smoking, smokeless tobacco, obesity, physical inactivity, occupational exposure to pesticides, dyes, chemical in metal refining, diet high in fat, coffee, heavy alcohol consumption

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29
Q

What is often the 1st symptom of pancreatic cancer?

A

Jaundice

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30
Q

What are the risk factors for cervical cancer?

A

Exposure to HPV, multiple sexual partners, cigarettes, Early age at 1st intercourse, immunosuppression, hx of STDs, long-term use of oral contraceptives, older age, lack of screening, multiple live births, exposure to diethylstilbestrol in utero

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31
Q

What are S&S of cervical cancer?

A

Irregular bleeding, persistent vaginal discharge, dyspareunia (painful intercourse)

Late symptoms: pelvic pain radiating to legs, incontinence of urine or stool into vagina, weight loss, fatigue

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32
Q

What are the risk factors for endometrial cancer?

A

Htn, DM, obesity, increased estrogen exposure, tamoxifen, metabolic syndrome, nulliparity, polycystic ovarian syndrome, endometrial hyperplasia, fam hx

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33
Q

What is the most lethal gynecological cancer?

A

Ovarian

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34
Q

What are the risk factors for ovarian cancer?

A

1st degree relative with hx ovarian cancer, fam hx breast ca, endometriosis, nullipathy, use of talc, Jewish, pelvic inflammatory disease, Lynch syndrome, use of post menopausal hormone therapy, obesity and height

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35
Q

Which cancer are these S&S of?
Pelvic mass, abdominal pain, distention, bloating, constipation, vaginal bleeding, urinary symptoms, fatigue, watery vaginal discharge?

A

Ovarian cancer

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36
Q

What are the risk factors for kidney cancer?

A

Smoking, occupational health exposures to cadmium, herbicides, trichorethylene, obesity, HTN, fam hx kidney cancer, advanced kidney disease, male gender, AA/American Indian/Alaska Natives, meds (phenacetin, diuretics), high fat/protein diets, diet low in antioxidants, genetic and hereditary diseases (Cowden syndrome, Von Hippel-Lindau disease, papillary RCC, leimyoma RCC, Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome, renal oncocytoma

37
Q

What cancer are these S&S of?
Hematuria, back pain, mass on one side, fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, fever with no infection, anemia

A

Kidney cancer

38
Q

What are the risk factors for bladder cancer?

A

SMOKING, male, Caucasian, age, occupational exposure (makers of rubber, latex, textiles, dyes, paint), occupation such as hair dresser, painter, machinist, printers, truck drivers, chronic ongoing bladder infections, hx bladder cancer, bladder birth defects, prior chemo that damages bladder (cyclophosphamide), high arsenic in water, consistent dehydration, suppression with aristolochic acid, Cowdens, Lynch, RBI

39
Q

What cancer are these S&S of?
Hematuria, change in bladder habits, lower back pain, decreased weight and appetite, swelling in feet, bone pain

A

Bladder cancer

40
Q

What are the risk factors for prostate cancer?

A

Age >50, AA, North American, Scandinavian (lower Japan and China), inactivity, exposure to chlorinated pesticides and methyl bromide and agent orange, 1st degree relative, EPAC2, RNASEL, MSR1 (Lynch), CHEK2, CAPZB, PON2, BRCA2

41
Q

What are S&S of prostate cancer?

A

Few symptoms early, found during digital reveal exam
Late/advanced: hematuria, dysuria, bone pain, back pain, leg edema from nodal involvement, incomplete bladder emptying, frequency, hesitancy, urgency, nocturia

42
Q

What type of prevention is a total body skin exam?

A

Secondary

43
Q

What type of prevention is reducing exposure to sunlight and avoiding deliberate sun tanning?

A

Primary

44
Q

What type of prevention is using sunscreen, retinoids, antioxidant, beta-carotene, vit C, vit E, dietary modifications, complementary therapies, reduction of immunosuppressive burden?

A

Tertiary

45
Q

What are risk factors for nonmelanoma skin cancer?

A

UV light, light hair and eye color, burn easily or difficult to tan, Northern Europe ancestry, contact with arsenic (well water, insecticides, medical), precursor lesions such as actinic keratosis, exposure to radiation, chronic inflammatory skin conditions, complication of burns or scars, tattoos, cigarette or pipe smoking, genetics, immunosuppression (organ transplant), infections such as HPV

46
Q

What are the risk factors for malignant melanoma?

A

UV light, blistering and peeling, intermittent exposed areas, use of tanning bed before age 35, skin phenotype ( Fitzpatrick skin phototype II), melanocytic Nevi (adults > 100 moles), fam hx melanoma, previous melanoma, non-melanoma, actinic keratosis

47
Q

What are the risk factors for head and neck cancer?

A

Alcohol, tobacco, use of betel quid (buy and tobacco combo used in Southeast Asia), poor oral hygiene, EBV, HPV (more often in young Caucasian males oral-general sex, increased incidence in tonsillar cancer) radiation exposure, occupational exposure to carcinogens, male

48
Q

5 year survival for cancer of lip

A

90%

49
Q

5 year survival for cancer of hypopharynx

A

32%

50
Q

Where do neurologic system cancers spread?

A

Rarely outside brain or CNS

51
Q

What are risk factors for neurologic system cancers?

A

Possibly radiation? RT to brain in childhood leukemia, genetic syndromes: neurofibramotosis, li-Fraumeni, Turcot syndrome, Von Hippel-Landau disease

52
Q

What cancer are these S&S of?
Nausea and vomiting, headache (especially in morning), snore is, change in sensations, loss of balance, falls, seizure, weakness, fatigue,’personality changes, loss of bladder or bowel, pain

A

Neurologic system cancers

53
Q

How do you stage neurologic system cancers?

A

Considered localized unless they cross the midline or the tentorium or unless they are described as having “drop” mets in spinal cord

Regional: crossing midline or tentorium invades bone, blood vessel, nerves, spinal cord

Distant: circulating cells in CSF, extension to nasal cavity, nasopharynx, posterior pharynx, outside CNS

Do not use TNM

54
Q

What is the 5 year survival for neurologic system cancers?

A

35%

55
Q

Lymphomas

A

Cancers of the immune system arising from malignant lymphoid clone of B cell, T cell, or NK type

56
Q

What are risk factors for leukemia?

A

Ionizing radiation, chemo (esp alkylating agents), chemicals such as benzene, genetic predisposition, antecedent hematologist disorders, viruses (HTLV-1), genetic abnormalities (Downs syndrome), fam hx (esp CLL), cig smoking for AML and parental smoking before and after birth for AML & ALL in children, possibly obesity

57
Q

Does CLL progress fast or slow?

A

Slow, usually asymptomatic and found in blood test

58
Q

What are the risk factors for lymphoma?

A

HL peaks on young adults and again in older adult. NHL increases with age.
Fam hx of lymphoma
Immunosuppression (solid organ transplant, HIV)
Viral exposure (EBV, Hep C)
Bacterial exposure (particularly H pylori)

59
Q

What are “B” symptoms of lymphoma?

A

Fever, drenching night sweats, anorexia/weight loss

60
Q

What nodes are typically involved in Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

Cervical, supravlavicular, mediastinal, 27% have splenic involvement

61
Q

Where does nom-Hodgkins lymphoma typically spread?

A

Liver or spleen

62
Q

Which cancer has Reed-Sternberg cells?

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

63
Q

What are the hallmark features of multiple myeloma?

A

Presence of serum urine monoclonal Ig, monoclonal plasmacytosis, bony lytic lesions

64
Q

What are the risk factors for multiple myeloma?

A

Age >60, male, AA, fam hx of MM, hx of plasma cell diseases, obesity, radiation exposure, and zoisite to chemical such as abestos, pesticide and agent orange, herbicides, benzene, and others used in rubber manufacturing or woodworking, professional fire fighting

65
Q

What are the classic symptoms of multiple myeloma?

A

CRAB
Calcium elevation (>= 11.5)
Renal insufficiency (Cr>2)
Anemia (Hgb >2 below normal limit or <10)
Bone disease (punched out lytic lesions causing Swiss cheese presentation)

66
Q

What is the pathophysiology of multiple myeloma?

A

The monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells produces an Ig fraction detectable in serum and urine called myeloma or M-spike

Bone destruction is caused by the production of osteoclastic factors by the malignant plasma cells causing the classic bone pain symptom

67
Q

What cancer is Anna Arbor staging used for with “A” and “B?”

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

68
Q

Which lymphoma is strongly associated with exposure to specific viruses?

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

69
Q

What is the median age of diagnosis for Ewing’s sarcoma?

A

15

70
Q

Where are the primary locations of Ewing sarcoma?

A

41% lower extremity
26% pelvis
16% chest wall
9% upper extremity

71
Q

What age is osteosarcoma primarily diagnosed?

A

Adolescent and young adults

72
Q

What are poor prognosis indicators of osteosarcoma?

A

Axial skeletal mets, small % tumor necrosis following treatment

73
Q

What are poor prognosis indicators of soft tissue sarcoma?

A

Advanced age, tumor >5cm, high-grade or high motor iv activity

74
Q

What are risk factors for soft tissue sarcoma?

A

Nervous nasal cell carcinoma syndrome, Gardner syndrome, Ali-Fraumeni syndrome, Tuberous sclerosis, Von Recklinghausen disease, Werner syndrome

75
Q

Which are AIDS-defined malignancies?

A

Cervical cancer, Kaposi sarcoma, aggressive B cell NHL

76
Q

What cancer is herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) associated with?

A

Kaposi sarcoma

77
Q

What cancer is Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) associated with?

A

Some NHL and HL

78
Q

What cancer is HPV associated with?

A

Cervical cancers, most anal cancers, oropharyngeal, penile, vaginal, vulvar

79
Q

What cancer is Hep B and Hep C associated with?

A

Liver

80
Q

What cells does HIV attack?

A

WBCs, specifically CD-4 and T cells

81
Q

What are S&S of Kaposi sarcoma?

A

Dark purplish or brownish spots on the skin (often lower extremities) or in the mouth
Affects lymph nodes (poss lymphedema)
Other organs such as digestive tract, lungs, liver, spleen

82
Q

What cancer is more common in people living with HIV?

A

Lung cancer

83
Q

What % of cancers in the US are related to obesity, physical inactivity, excess alcohol and poor nutrition?

A

20%

84
Q

What are Tumor markers?

A

Proteins produced by cancer cells (and normal cells) but cancer cells produce at much higher rate

None accurate enough to be used as screening tool.

85
Q

Where does kidney cancer most often metastasize to?

A

Lung

86
Q

What may be the initial presentation of lunch cancer?

A

Pleural effusions

87
Q

80% of people with multiple myeloma experience what symptom?

A

Peripheral neuropathy

Esp with bortezomib because many patients who receive this have been pretreated with neurotoxic agents

88
Q

Which type of bone lesions do prostate and breast cancer have?

A

Osteoblastic

Decrease bone strength and increase risk of vertebral collapse

89
Q

Which type of bone lesions do multiple myeloma, lung, thyroid,
Breast, kidney cancer have?

A

Osteolytic lesions
Most often associated with pathological fractures

OCN Review (8 decks)

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