Types of aggression

Question 1

Definition of agression

Answer 1

• Intentional behaviour that involves intent to harm or cause injury to another individual
• Often outside the rules of the game
• uncontrolled

Question 2

Definition of assertion

Answer 2

• Forceful or committed play (not aggressive) within rules or laws of the game
• If an opponent gets injured, then this is unfortunate as it wasn’t the aim of the athlete
• controlled

Question 3

Assertion examples

Answer 3

• Hockey player making a hard but fair challenge whilst tackling an opponent

Question 4

What are not tolerated

Answer 4

Other behaviours that are violent but are neither assertive nor aggressive
Example- bad language, equipment abuse

Question 5

Types of aggression

Answer 5

• hostile
• Channeled
• Instrumental
• Reactive

Question 6

Hostile aggression definition

Answer 6

• pre-mediated actions to deliberately harm
• Accompanied with anger and viewed badly by fellow performers

Question 7

Hostile aggression example

Answer 7

• Mike Tyson bit a chunk out of a Evander Holyfield ear during a bout in 1997

Question 8

Channelled aggression definition

Answer 8

• Grey area where an overlap exists between aggression (deliberate attempt to harm/ injure) and with assertion (exert unusual force)

Question 9

Channelled aggression example

Answer 9

• Rugby player will attempt to tackle an opponent legally but also as physically as possible

Question 10

Instrumental aggression definition

Answer 10

• Aggression used to achieve an aim/ tactic foul play
• sometimes encouraged by teammates or coaches

Question 11

Instrumental aggression, example

Answer 11

• Players in Contacts sports are told to hit their opponent hard or take them out in the first 10 minutes of a match to let them know you’re there

Question 12

Reactive aggression definition

Answer 12

• In response to external/ internal triggers Example- pain/ foul play
• Reacting to event rather than controlling
  It

Question 13

Reactive aggression example

Answer 13

• Complaining, finger pointing, showing anger

Question 14

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

Answer 14

• hypothesis states that frustration increases the likelihood of aggressive behaviour
• Block goal results in frustration as a performer attempts to achieve an instrumental goal
• hypothesis states frustration always proceeds aggression and that aggression is a potential consequence of frustration

Question 15

Explain how over arousal, underdeveloped moral reasoning, and bracketed morality cause aggression in sport

Answer 15

Over arousal- heightened psychological arousal leads to a lack of ability to exert self-control/become overstimulated/lead to frustration
Example: often the performer will end up striking and opponent
Underdeveloped moral reasoning- aggression is justified by the performer because they feel it is an acceptable response. They don’t understand sportsmanship.
Example: they do not understand why they should not harm
Bracket morality- as aggression is seem to be acceptable in some situation performers are able to moralise the use of aggression in sport. Aggression is part of learned behaviour. Unrelated external factors affect aggression.
Example: boxing/martial arts