Types 2 Diabetes Flashcards
Define DMT2?
- Pancrease may produce some insulin but not sifficient to maintain blood glucose levels
- The cell receptors become insuliin resistant
risk factors for DMT2
- age(older than 45)
- genetics
- obesity
- sedentary life
- smoking
- hypertention
- bad sleeping habits
- stress
Cormobidities and complications of DMT2
- stroke
- heart attack
- peripheral artery disease
- diabetic retinopathy
- cataracts
- glaucoma
- diabetic foot
- diabetic nephropathy
- peripheral neuropathy
Manifestations of DMT2
MANIFESTATIONS HAVE A SLOW ONSET
* fatigue
* visual changes
* skin changes
* frequent infections
* Gangrene
* Dry skin
* polyuria
* polydipsia
* weight change
* heart disease
* neuropathy
* renal impairment
* urinary dysfunction
* bowel dyfunction
Lab and diagnostics for DMT2
TO CONFIRM DIAGNOSTIC you need 2 abnormal results on 2 different days:
* fasting BG 126mg/dL or more
* 2 hr postprandial BG 200mg/dL or more
* random BG 200mg/dL or more
* HbA1c: 6.5% or higher
C-peptide levels are increased or normal
urine test shows atypical BG, protein, ketones
what is the role of the nurse when caring for a patient with DMT2?
- stabilizing blood glucose levels to prevent disease progression.
- implement lifestyle changes.
- Review laboratory results,
- monitor vital signs
- administer medications.
- Assess for and treat hypoglycemia if necessary.
- Initiate and facilitate referrals to ophthalmology and neurology to screen for diabetes-related complications
client education
- Provide teaching on blood glucose monitoring and medication administration.
- Focus education on manifestations of hypo- and hyperglycemia, prevention, and treatment strategies.
- Teaching addresses potential complications and strategies to reduce risk.
- Coaching on stress management, nutrition, and physical activity can improve glycemic control
What is the nurses job when assessing patient with DMT2?
- Review blood glucose and HbA1c levels.
- Inquire about the manifestations of polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia.
- Inquire about weight change.
- Assess for visual impairment.
- Assess for renal dysfunction.
- Assess for neuropathy.
- Assess for abnormal wound healing.
Priority when caring for patient with DMT2?
- glycemic control is priority!!!
- Monitoring for wounds that can lead to a serious infection is essential
- Complications affecting vision and renal function have a major impact on morbidity, mortality, and quality of life
when planning care for a patient with DMT2 WHAT SHOULD THE NURSE FOCUS ON?
Planning focuses on strategies to optimize glycemic control
what are interventions to improve glycemic control and minimize the risk of complications in a patient with DMT2?
- administer medications, and provide education.
- Supervision of blood glucose monitoring and self-administration of insulin.
- Provide teaching and resources on recognizing the signs of low and high blood glucose and exercise targets.
- Referral to a dietitian and certified diabetes educator may be necessary.
- Advocate for and facilitate a referral to ophthalmology to assess retinopathy.
- Request a referral for peripheral neuropathy screening if appropriate
what should a nurse evaluate when dealing with a patient with DMT2?
- Whether glycemic control has improved
- evaluate BG and HbA1c results
- if client can effectively self-administer medication
- whether hyperglycemia complications have improved or worsened
treatment and therapies for patients with DMT2?
- nutritional changes(mediterranean diet)
- exercise(engage in aerobic exercise, and resistance training)
- weight loss(3% of total body weight)
- Oral hypoglycemic medications such as metformin and canagliflozin are used
- injectable insulin
- bariatric surgery in some circumstances
