Type 2 DM - Endo

Question 1

Diabetes Type 2

Answer 1

• Disorder of glucose, lipid, protein metabolism, characterized by peripheral insulin resistance, inadequate pancreatic insulin secretory response and disordered glucagon suppression
• Non-insulin dependent diabetes
• Most common form of diabetes
• Affects 90-95% of the 26 million of Americans with diabetes
• Unlike Type 1, people with type 2 produce insulin; however either their pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the body cannot use the insulin adequately..known as insulin resistance
• When the blood sugar (glucose) can’t get into the body’s cells, the glucose builds in the blood which can causes damage to the body, dehydration, and diabetic coma.

Question 2

DM - effects

Answer 2

Damage to the body:

• Damage the nerves and small blood vessels of the eyes, kidneys, and heart
• Predispose to atheroscelerosis of the large arteries which can lead to heart attack and strokes

Dehydration:

• Buildup of sugar in the blood can cause an increase in urination.
• When the kidneys lose the glucose through the urine, a large amount of water is lost, leading to dehydration

Diabetic Coma

• Hyperosmolar nonketotic diabetic coma
• When patients are extremely ill or dehyrated, they may develop this

Question 3

Who gets Type 2 DM in adults?

Answer 3

• Over the age of 45
• Have had gestational Diabetes
• Family history of type 2 diabetes
• Have prediabetes
• Inactive individuals
• Low HDL or high triglycerides
• High blood pressure
• Certain racial or ethnic groups

Question 4

Symptoms of Type 2 DM

Answer 4

• Increased thirst
• Increased hunger
• Dry mouth
• Nausea
• Dehydration
• Frequent urination
• Fatigue
• Blurred vision
• Numbness or tingling of the hands or feet
• Frequent infection of the skin, urinary tract, or vagina

Question 5

Diagnosis of Type 2 DM

Answer 5

Labs:

- fasting blood glucose >125
- 2 non-fasting blood glucose >200
- HgbA1c >6.5
- 2 hour glucose tolerance test

Question 6

Labs

Answer 6

Fasting blood glucose:

• preferred test for diagnosing diabetes
• most reliable when done in the morning
• Confirm by repeating the test on a different day
• 2 abnormal readings on 2 separate occasions to dx diabetes

Oral Glucose Tolerance test

• More sensitive than the FPG test for diagnosing prediabetes, but is less convenient
• Fast for at least 8 hours, then drink a liquid containging 75 grams of glucose that is dissolved in water

HgbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin A1C test:

• This blood test indicated your average blood sugar level for the past 2-3 months
• It measures the percentage of blood sugar attached to hemoglobin
• Normal: on two separate occasions

Question 7

ADA Treatment Goalsfor Diabetes

Answer 7

• FBG: 90-130mg/dl
• PPG: 50 in women >40 in men
• Triglyceriedes: <150