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ANAP 500 > Tx Across Cell Membranes > Flashcards

Tx Across Cell Membranes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most abundant EXTRACELLULAR Cation and its gradient values?

A

Sodium/Na+
Extracellular–> intracellular
140mEq/L –> 14 mEq/L

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2
Q

What is the most abundant INTRACELLULAR cation and its gradient?

A

Potassium.

Intracellular –> Extracellular
140 mEq/L. –> 4 mEq/L

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3
Q

This cation has very low intracellular levels bc it can be lethal if accumulates and inhibits mitochondrial activity.

A

Calcium

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4
Q

What is Calcium’s gradient?

A

Extracellular –> Intracellular

2.4 mEq/L –> .0001 mEq/L

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5
Q

What is Magnesium’s gradient?

A

Intracellular –> Extracellular

58 mEq/L –> 1.2mEq/L

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6
Q

What is the most abundant EXTRACELLULAR ANION and its gradient?

A

Chloride
Extracellular –> Intracellular
103 mEq/L –> 4 mEq/L

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7
Q

What is the most abundant INTRACELLULAR anion and its gradient?

A

Inorganic Phosphate

Intracellular –> Extracellular
75 mEq/L –> 4mEq/L

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8
Q

What is the gradient for glucose? What is glucose used for inside of the cell?

A

Glucose gradient favors going from
Extracellular –>. Intracellular
90mEq/L –> 0-20 mEq/L

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9
Q

What is oxygens gradient? What is O2 used for in side the cell?

A

Favors

Extracellular. –> Intracellular
35-40 mmHg –>. ~20mmHg

Used for oxidative metabolism

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10
Q

What is the gradient for CO2?

A

Favors
Intracellular –> Extracellular
45-50mmHg –> 40-45mmHg

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11
Q

What is the gradient for AA? What are AA used for inside the cell?

A

Favors
Intracellular –> Extracellular
200 mg/dL –> 30 mg/dL

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12
Q

Type of Tx when you move particles with their gradient. E is not extracted from ATP.

A

Passive Tx or Diffusion

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13
Q

Type of Tx when moving particles against their gradient; must extract E from ATP

A

Active Transport

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14
Q

What are 4 lipid/fat soluble substances

A

Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen
Alcohol

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15
Q

What two qualities must a substance have to diffuse directly through the phospholipid bilayer cell membrane?

A

Lipid soluble and electrically neutral

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16
Q

Why do lipid soluble substances also have to be electrically neutral to transverse the cell membrane?

A

Bc of the polarized phosphate head, opposite charges on opposite poles will repel - and + charged substances

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17
Q

These are selectively permeable, basing Tx of a substance on size, shape, and electrical charge within the channel.

A

Protein Channels

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18
Q

This type of channel is always open

A

Protein Leak Channels

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19
Q

What are two common examples of protein leak channels?

A

Sodium Leak channels

Potassium leak Channels

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20
Q

What is the gradient of Na+ and K+ leak channels?

Which channel is the most leaky?

A

Sodium leak channels are constantly leaking Na+ into the cell

Potassium leak channels are constantly leaking K+ outside the cell

Potassium Leak Channels are much MORE leaky than sodium channels.

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21
Q

These channels are typically closed until some stimulus/activity opens it up. Diffusion is only allowed when gate is open. What is an example?

A

Gating of Protein channels

Ex? Ligand gated channels

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22
Q

What is a ligand?

A

Chemical substance

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23
Q

Closed channel has a messenger of some type bind to its receptor, opens channel, ions move through open channel with their gradient, and there is a change in electrical properties of the cell.

What is this process?

A

Ligand (chemical) gated channels

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24
Q

How long do ligand gated channels stay open?

A

As long as ligand is bound with receptor site

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25
Q

These channels are activated by changes in the electrical charge across the cell membrane

A

Voltage-gated channels

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26
Q

The electrical charge inside the cell is different from the electrical charge outside the cell = ?

A

Each cell has an electrical gradient across the cell membrane

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27
Q

What is the electrical gradient of most cells in the body?

A

-90mV

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28
Q

Electrical gradient -90mV in a statement?

A

The inside of the cell is -90mV more negative than the outside of the cell

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29
Q

Voltage gated sodium channels are fast/slow?

A

FAST

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30
Q

In fast voltage gated sodium channels, some stimulus occurs and the electrical gradient is changed form -90mV to _____, and the channel is opened.

____mV change

A

-90mV –> -60mV

~30mV change

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31
Q

Why are voltage gated sodium channels “FAST”?

A

It doesn’t take much voltage change to open them

The channel is lined with - charges which aids faster tx of + charged sodium

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32
Q

Voltage gated sodium channels will close when electrical gradient reaches ~____mV.

A

~20mV

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33
Q

Voltage gated Potassium channels are fast/slow?

A

SLOW

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34
Q

Why are Voltage gated potassium channels “slow”?

A

There are no negative charges lining the channel and the RMP has to increase a lot more to open the channel

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35
Q

Slow voltage gated potassium channels stay closed all the way until the RMP reaches ____mV

A

+20mV

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36
Q

When do voltage gated potassium channels close?

A

When enough K+ leaves the cell and the RMP reaches -90mV again

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37
Q

Facilitated diffusion is Passive/Active Tx?

A

Passive Tx

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38
Q

What is a common example of facilitated diffusion?

A

Glucose transporters

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39
Q

What causes a confirmational change in a glucose transporter and allows the opening and facilitated diffusion of glucose into the cell?

A

When glucose inserts part way into the channel and binds with the receptor

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40
Q

What can cause accumulation of glucose or other solutes in the extracellular compartment, when dealing with tx proteins and facilitated diffusion?
Happens quickly.

A

When the channels/receptors become saturated

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41
Q

What kind of pts do we worry about with saturation of GLUT?

A

DM pts bc their blood glucose will increase quickly without insulin to activate GLUT

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42
Q

Insulin is NOT the GLUT.. True or False?

A

TRUE

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43
Q

What does insulin do for GLUTs in some cells?

A

Insulin regulates and number and activity of GLUTs in some cells

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44
Q

Virtually ALL cells are insulin DEPENDENT/INDEPENDENT?

A

DEPENDENT

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45
Q

Which cells are insulin-independent??

A 
Neurons
Hepatocytes
Proximal tubules of kidneys
Small intestine
Exercising skeletal muscle fibers
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46
Q

These cells are insulin-independent, but insulin does increase glucose tx into these cells

A

Hepatocytes

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47
Q

Exercising muscle fibers require MORE insulin for glucose tx than resting muscle fibers.. TRUE/FALSE?

A

FALSE

Exercising skeletal muscle fibers require LESS insulin for glucose tx than resting skeletal muscle fibers

48
Q

Concentration gradient, electrical gradient, pressure gradient, or a combination of two or more gradients all affect what?

A

Rate of diffusion across a cell membrane

49
Q

This is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from area of lesser concentration of solutes to an area of higher concentration of solutes. (From area of more water to area of less water)

A

OSMOSIS

50
Q

Osmosis has a FASTER/SLOWER rate of movement than just simple diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane

A

Faster

51
Q

Osmosis is a PASSIVE/ACTIVE transport process

A

Passive

52
Q

Avogadro number is what?

A

6.02 x 10^23

53
Q

1 ______ = 1 mole (avogadro’s # of particles) in 1 liter or 1 kg of water

A

Osmole

54
Q

Moles of solute per kg of water

A

Osmolality

55
Q

Moles of solute per liter of water

A

Osmolarity

56
Q

Atomic weight of Na = __

So one mole of Na = __ gm (avogadro’s # of atoms)

A

23

57
Q

Atomic weight of Cl = ____

1 mole Cl = ____ gm (avo’s # of atoms)

A

35.5

58
Q

1 mole of NaCl = ____ gm (av’s # of molecules)

Molecular wt of NaCl = ____

A

58.5

59
Q

What type of chemical bond is for NaCl?

A

Ionic bond

60
Q

NaCl dissociates in _____ into 1 mole Na+ and 1 mole of Cl-. (2 x avo’s # of ions)

A

Water

61
Q

1 mole of NaCl (58.5 gm) contributes what to 1 L or 1 kg of water?

A

2 osm (2 x avo’s number of particles)

62
Q

Glucose dissociates in water. (TRUE/FALSE?)

A

FALSE. Glucose does NOT dissociate in water.

63
Q

Atomic weight of:
Carbon = __
Hydrogen = __
Oxygen = __

A 
C = 12
H = 1
O2 = 16
64
Q

Molecular wt of glucose?

c=12; h=1, o2=16

A

C6 H12 O6
C = 12 x 6 = 72
H = 1 x 12 = 12
O = 16 x 6 = 96

72 + 12 + 96 = 180

65
Q

Which changes the osmolality of the water more?
Glucose or NaCl added to the water?
Why?

A

Larger substances added to the water, such as glucose, change the osmolality of the water LESS than adding NaCl bc it dissociates and contributes 2 osm instead of just 1

66
Q

The pressure a fluid exerts on the walls of its container

A

Hydrostatic pressure

67
Q

The point at which the water reaches a hydrostatic pressure that will stop movement of water across the cell membrane

A

Osmotic pressure

68
Q

What determines the osmolality/osmolarity?

What does not?

A

The number of particles determines osmolality, NOT the size

69
Q

EVERY PARTICLE, regardless of size, makes an equal contribution to osmolality/osmolarity. TRUE/FALSE

A

TRUE

70
Q

If osm equilibrates on 2 sides of the membrane, movement of water will ____.

A

Stop

71
Q

The volume of water that moves from A to B depends on what two factors?

A

Changes in hydrostatic pressure

Conc gradientZ?

72
Q

The amount of hydrostatic pressure that stops osmosis of water is the ________ pressure

A

Osmotic pressure

73
Q

The contribution of proteins to osmolality/osmolarity of body fluids

A

Colloid osmotic pressure (oncotic pressure)

74
Q

What is the normal, primary protein that contributes to osmolality? Where is it primarily found?

A

Albumin, found in plasma primarily

75
Q

What is normal body fluid osmolality?

A

~ 300 mOsm/L

76
Q

What can we do to increase body fluid osmolality?

A

Give hypertonic saline

Let blood glucose rise

77
Q

If body fluid osmolality stays increased for an extended period of time, such as in pts with ________, the intracellular compartment will have LESS/MORE osmolality from increased blood glucose. Water will move out of the cells which dehydrates or _______ them.

A

DM pts

Intracellular compartment will have less osmolality, so glucose will exit the cell and cell will CRENATE

78
Q

When DM pts have increased extracellular osmolality in the extracellular compartment from increased blood glucose, water moves out of the cell and dehydrates cells. This is a contributing factor to what condition in DM pts?

A

Peripheral neuropathy

79
Q

What can we do to decrease body osmolality?

A

Give water/free water
Hypotonic .5/.25% saline
Lots of D5W

80
Q

If we decrease body fluid osmolality very quickly, then water will move outside to inside the cell and will increase _____________ inside the cell and cause cell __________.

A

Increase pressure and cause cell LYSIS

81
Q

Need to extract E from ATP for this tx process of solutes against their gradient.

A

Active transport

82
Q

E is used DIRECTLY in this type of transport

A

Primary active transport

83
Q

E is used INDIRECTLY in this type of transport

A

Secondary active transport

84
Q

What does the PRIMARY ACTIVE SODIUM POTASSIUM PUMP do?

A

Takes an ATP, breaks it down into ADP and an inorganic phosphate; holds on to the E from that breakdown and uses it to pump 3 SODIUMS OUT, 2 POTASSIUMS IN!!

85
Q

Primary active sodium potassium pump pumps ___ sodiums ___, ____ potassiums _____.

A

3 SODIUMS OUT

2 POTASSIUMS IN

86
Q

Does the primary sodium potassium pump INCREASE/DECREASE intracellular charge?

A

DECREASES intracellular charge

(3 + charges go out, 2+ charges come into the cell.

87
Q

What are 3 things the Na-K pump does for your cells/body?

A

Regulates intracellular Na/K concentrations
Regulates intracellular osmolality
Generates the majority of heat in your body

88
Q

How does Na-K pump contribute to intracellular water levels?

A

Sodium dissociates and is a big contributor to osmolality bc water follows sodium

89
Q

These are in skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle fibers and they are another example of primary active transport

A

Calcium pumps

90
Q

Calcium pumps pump Ca across cell membrane from _________ to _________ compartment

A

Pump Ca ions from intracellular to extracellular

91
Q

Ca pumps pump Ca ions from cytoplasm to ___________ __________

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

92
Q

Why do we have to have transient increase of Ca in muscle cell?

A

So we can have muscle contraction

93
Q

What are 3 examples of secondary active co-transport?

A

Sodium - glucose
Sodium - AA
Sodium - potassium

94
Q

What are 2 examples of secondary active counter-transport?

A

Sodium - hydrogen

Sodium - calcium

95
Q

Secondary active co-transport is found only in what two places

A

Small intestine

Proximal tubule of the kidneys

96
Q

What creates and maintains the electrical gradient for sodium to move with its gradient and other solute (glucose, potassium, AA) against its gradient?

A

Primary active sodium potassium pump

97
Q

What would happen FIRST if ran out of ATP in secondary active co-tx?

A

Primary active na-k pump would stop first

Once the gradient for sodium is lost, then the secondary active transporters would stop working

98
Q

Why is the gradient different for glucose and AA in the small intestines and proximal tubule of the kidney?

A

They are reabsorbed so quickly that glucose and AA are more abundant inside of the cell than in the prox tubule or the small intestine

99
Q

Where is secondary active counter-transport found in the body?

A

In the kidneys in the renal tubules

100
Q

What does the secondary active counter transport in the renal tubules do for the body?

A

Regulates acid base balance via a transport protein

101
Q

How does secondary active counter-tx regulate acid-base balance?

A

H is pumped into the renal tubule, buffered and excreted in the urine to rid of excess H’s in the body

102
Q

Two types of endocytosis

A

Pinocytosis

Phagocytosis

103
Q

Endocytosis is and ________ transport mechanism

A

ACTIVE TX

104
Q

Cell “Drinking”

Ingestion of smaller particles

A

Pinocytosis

105
Q

In pinocytosis, the membrane of the cell will invaginate and take in _____ and whatever is dissolved in the ______ into the cell and form a _______.

A

Water; water; vesicle

106
Q

Cell “Eating”

Ingestion of larger particles

A

Phagocytosis

107
Q

In phagocytosis, membrane will invaginate, particle taken into the cell and incorporated into a phagocytic _________.

A

Vesicle

108
Q

What comes into contact with phagocytic vesicle and breaks down the particle

A

Lysosomes

109
Q

What two types of cells are very good at performing phagocytosis

A

Neutrophils and macrophages

110
Q

Exocytosis is ACTIVE/PASSIVE transport

A

Active transport

111
Q

What type of cells are good at exocytosis

A

Endocrine cells

Neurons

112
Q

In exocytosis, _________ vesicle fuses with plasma membrane of cell and releases contents of the vesicle

A

Secretory vesicle

113
Q

What activates/opens voltage gates Ca channels on an axon in exocytosis of neurotransmitter

A

Action potential or electrical charge

114
Q

Once voltage gated Ca channels are open,

Ca flows…

A

From outside cell to inside

115
Q

What stimulates fusion and exocytosis of NT into the synaptic cleft?

A

Influx of Ca

116
Q

Why is endocytosis/exocytosis considered Active tx ?

A

Membrane has to change/invaginate, which requires contractile proteins which require ATP directly to change the structure of cell membrane to form and invaginate or open up for exocytosis.

ANAP 500 (6 decks)

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