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ANAP 500 > Test 2: CNS/PNS PART 1 > Flashcards

Test 2: CNS/PNS PART 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Toward the midline

A

Medial

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2
Q

Away from the midline

A

Lateral

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3
Q

Proximal and distal need a reference point.

If midline is reference point, then elbow is _______ to the fingers on the hand.

The elbow is _______ to the shoulder.

A

Elbow is proximal to the fingers

Elbow is distal to the shoulder.

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4
Q

Towards the head

A

Superior/cephalic

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5
Q

Away from the head

A

Inferior or caudal

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6
Q

The CNS is composed of what?

A

Brain and spinal cord.

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7
Q

The components of the CNS are enclosed/protected in boney structures. What are they?

A

Brain: skull
SC: vertebral column

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8
Q

PNS is composed of what

A

Nerves and ganglia

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9
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves in the PNS? Where is their origin?

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves

Origin is in various parts of the brain

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10
Q

How many pair of spinal nerves?

Where is their origin?

A

31 pair of spinal nerves

Origin is various spinal segments

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11
Q

Cluster of nerve cell bodies and their associated dendrites

A

Ganglia

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12
Q

The PNS is further subdivided into what two nervous systems

A

Afferent (sensory)

Efferent

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13
Q

Conducts impulses towards the CNS

A

Afferent sensory nervous system

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14
Q

Conducting impulses away from the CNS

A

Efferent PNS

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15
Q

Efferent is subdivided into what 2 things

A

Somatic motor

Autonomic

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16
Q

Conducts impulses away from CNS towards the skeletal muscle fibers to bring about contraction

A

Efferent somatic motor PNS

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17
Q

The efferent somatic motor system is under conscious control. TRUE/FALSE.

A

TRUE

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18
Q

This system is not under conscious control, such as the bladder, heart, lungs etc. innervates tissue other than skeletal muscle fibers

A

Autonomic nervous system

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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19
Q

What type of information do afferent pathways carry?

A

Sensory information

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20
Q

Afferent/efferent pathways have one single ______.

A

Neuron

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21
Q

Autonomic pathways have _____ neuron(s) in their pathways

A

TWO neurons

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22
Q

What are the two types of neurons in an autonomic efferent pathway? What is in between?

A

Preganglionic neuron–>
Autonomic ganglion–>
Postganglionic neuron–>
Syanapses on non-skeletal muscle tissue

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23
Q

The basic STRUCTURAL component of the nervous system

A

The Neuron (or nerve fiber or nerve cell)

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24
Q

Nerve cell body

A

Soma

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25
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum of the neuron

A

Nissl bodies

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26
Q

The neuron includes multiple ribosomes, prominent Golgi apparatus, and multiple mitochondria. What do you think the primary fxn is?

A

Protein synthesis

To be later modified into NT’s

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27
Q

Structures that extend out from the nerve cell body

A

Dendrites

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28
Q

A neuron can have many dendrites, but never just one or zero. TRUE/FALSE?

A

FALSE

Neurons can have one, many or zero dendrites.

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29
Q

What is the purpose of dendrites

A

To conduct electrical impulses from a point of origin on dendritic membrane toward the nerve cell body

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30
Q

Dendrites have very few ________ which makes them poor conductors of APs

A

Very few voltage gated sodium channels

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31
Q

How do dendrites conduct impulses to the nerve cell body

A

Electrotonic conduction

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32
Q

The cytoplasm of the dendrites and the cytoplasm of the nerve cell body has high conc of ______

A

Electrolytes

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33
Q

What provides/favors for electrotonic conduction? How far down the nerve cell body is electrotonic conduction used?

A

The electrolytes in the cytoplasm and the large diameter of the nerve cell body.

All the way from the dendrites to the axon hillock

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34
Q

This allows for free flow of electrical impulse down the nerve cell body and favors electrotonic conduction.

A

Large diameter of the nerve cell body– less resistance.

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35
Q

Where impulses are summed up and where RMP moves to TP.

A

Axon hillock.

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36
Q

Axons have lots of ________ so they are very good conductors of AP

A

Voltage gated Na channels

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37
Q

What is the purpose of the axon

A

Conduct AP from the nerve cell body to the terminal portion of the axon.

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38
Q

Once depolarization happens at the axon, the AP is conducted unidirectionally. Why?

A

Very few v-g Na channels in the soma

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39
Q

This allows for one nerve cell/impulse to conduct an impulse and influence multiple target tissues

A

Collateral axons

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40
Q

Each collateral axon terminates where?

A

Telodendria which branch into a terminal buton or presynaptic cleft/presynaptic membrane

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41
Q

Terminates in a terminal buton, presynaptic cleft or presynaptic membrane

A

Each telodendria

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42
Q

When electrical impulse gets to terminal buton, there is release of _______

A

Neurotransmitter

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43
Q

Form the myelin sheaths around axons in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

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44
Q

Gaps between Schwann cells where axon is exposed and the only place that APs can occur along the axon

A

Nodes of ranvier

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45
Q

Three types of neuron

A

Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar or pseudounipolar

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46
Q

How many axons do neurons have?

A

ONE AXON ONLY FOR ALL NEURONS

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47
Q

These neurons have many dendrites, one axon, found in the brain, sc and PNS.
Example?

A

Multipolar neurons

Skeletal muscle fibers

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48
Q

Neurons with one dendrite, one axon, sensory afferent neurons.

Where are the only two places these are found?

A

Bipolar neurons

Found in the optic pathways and olefactory neurons

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49
Q

Where are multipolar neurons found in the optic pathway? Where do they terminate?

A

Rods and cones of the retina

Terminate in the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe

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50
Q

Where would dendrites be in the olefactory pathway?

Where would it terminate?

A

In the nose

Terminate in the olefactory center

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51
Q

Have no true dendrites attached to the nerve cell body, have sensory receptors that bypass the nerve cell body.

A

Unipolar

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52
Q

Virtually all sensory neurons are what type of neuron?

A

Unipolar.

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53
Q

Cells that make up the nervous system

A

Neuroglia

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54
Q

Star shaped cells found in the brain

A

Astrocytes

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55
Q

Wrap around the capillaries in the brain– one component of the bbb.

A

Foot processes of the astrocytes.

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56
Q

2nd part of the bbb where capillary endothelial cells adjoin

A

Tight junction

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57
Q

Partially protects the brain from toxic substances

A

BBB

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58
Q

If you have a drug that you need to give a pt, but know it will not cross the bbb, what type of administration can you do to get it to the brain?

A

Injection into the subarachnoid space

Pro-drug will cross bbb and then be metabolized into the correct drug in the brain

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59
Q

Example of prodrug that we treat Parkinson’s with? How does it work?

A

L-dopa.

Crosses bbb, then metabolized to form dopamine, then dopamine bids with target cell receptors in corpus striatum

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60
Q

Highly invasive cancers of the astrocytes that can be very aggressive

A

Astrocytoma or gleoblastoma

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61
Q

Line the ventricles of the brain and the passageways from one ventricle to the next

A

Ependymal cells

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62
Q

Form the corroid plexuses

A

Nonciliated ependymal cells

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63
Q

Synthesize CSF from the plasma

A

Corroid plexuses made up of nonciliated ependymal cells

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64
Q

Move CSF through the ventricles and eventually to the subarachnoid space

A

Ciliated ependymal cells

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65
Q

Resident macrophages of the brain

A

Migroglia

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66
Q

Microglia phagocytose what?

A

Old brain cells
Bacteria
Cancer cells
Anything that looks abnormal

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67
Q

We are born with microglia which protect us from foreign objects, worn out neurons, tumors and cancers, they are part of our ____________ system.

A

Innate immune system

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68
Q

Form the myelin sheaths around axons in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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69
Q

Not all axons in the CNS are myelinated. TRUE/FALSE?

A

FALSE

All axons in the CNS are myelinated !

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70
Q

A single oligodendrocytes can form the myelin sheaths around multiple axons. TRUE/FALSE.

A

TRUE

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71
Q

Oligodendrocytes cover ___ mm of space on an axon, so need multiple to cover an axon.

A

1 mm

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72
Q

All axons are myelinated in the PNS. TRUE/FALSE.

A

FALSE

Not all axons are myelinated in the PNS.

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73
Q

AP moving from node of ranvier to node of ranvier etc… is called?

A

Soltatory conduction

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74
Q

How are AP conducted on an unmyelinated axon?

A

V-g Na channels must be opened along every single segment of the axon.. do not have nodes of ranvier

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75
Q

Most efficent/fastest way of conduction along an axon

A

Saltatory conduction

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76
Q

Type A nerve fibers are ALL myelinated. TRUE/FALSE.

A

TRUE.

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77
Q 
--Type A α
–  Type A β
–  Type A γ
–  Type A δ 
What do the symbols mean?
A
  • Type A α ALPHA
    –  Type A β BETA
    –  Type A γ GAMMA
    –  Type A δ DELTA
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78
Q

Type C fibers are all unmyelinated. TRUE/FALSE.

Which NS are they found in?

A

TRUE.

PNS bc they are all unmyelinated.

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79
Q

Diameter of unmyelinated axons ________ micrometers.

A

0.5-2.0 micrometers

80
Q

Diameter of myelinated fibers _______ micrometers.

A

1-20 micrometers. So much thicker than unmyelinated.

81
Q

The larger the diameter of the axon, the poorer a conductor with more resistance to flow. TRUE/FALSE.

A

FALSE.

The larger the diameter, the better conductor the axon, and the less resistance to flow.

82
Q

Unmyelinated type C fibers can transmit conduction ______ m/sec.

A

0.5-2 m/sec

83
Q

Myelinated type A fibers can transmit conduction ________m/sec.

A

6-120 m/sec

84
Q

Transmit crude touch/pressure, tickle, slow/aching pain are sent through what type of fibers?

A

Type C fibers

85
Q

Cold and warmth that will not damage your tissues transmitted by what fibers?

A

Type C

86
Q

Prickling, acute, sharp, fast pain transmitted through?

A

Type A Delta fibers

87
Q

Deep touch/pressure that could damage tissues

A

Type A delta and some gamma

88
Q

High discrimination touch through what type of fibers?

Can recognize what is in your hands while eyes closed

A

Type A Beta and Gamma

89
Q

Vibration fibers?

A

Type A beta and gamma

90
Q

Hair receptors fibers?

Very important for who?

A

Type A beta and gamma

Lower animals

91
Q

monitor the tension of muscle fibers and send proprioceptive information back to the brain.

What type of fibers?

A

Primary ending muscle spindles and the Golgi tendon bodies

Type A Alpha

92
Q

Fastest type of conduction fibers?

A

Type A Alpha

93
Q

The information that allows our brain to know where our body is in time and space so we can walk a straight line, perform coordinated movements etc..

A

Proprioceptive information

94
Q

Skeletal muscle fibers innervated what what type of fibers?

A

Type A alpha— so we can respond to changes rapidly

95
Q

Sympathetic fibers are what type of fibers?

A

Type C

96
Q

Bundle of axons in the PNS. Provide a pathway for electrical impulses.

A

NERVE.

97
Q

Peripheral nerves are mixed nerves meaning?

A

They can transmit different types of info

98
Q

Bundles of axons

A

Fascicles

99
Q

All the axons within a fascicle transmit the exact same type of information. TRUE/FALSE

A

TRUE.

100
Q

If you severed a peripheral nerve you would only lose sensory nerves. TRUE/FALSE?

A

FALSE

You would lose sensory, skeletal muscle, autonomic etc bc peripheral nerves include all types of fibers.

101
Q

Bundle of axons and their myelin sheaths in the CNS

A

Tracts

102
Q

Tracts form the _____ matter and can be ascending or descending.
Tracts connect spinal cord to the ______. The connect the brain to the ______. And one part of the brain to ________.

A

Tracts form the white matter.

Connect spinal cord to brain; brain to the SC; and one part of brain to other parts of the brain.

103
Q

Cluster of nerve cell bodies and their associated dendrites, and where axons synapse with those dentrites.

A

Gray matter.

104
Q

Composes the outside of the brain and inner part of the SC.

A

Gray matter.

105
Q

Composed of tracts. Composes the inner part of the brain and outer part of the SC,

A

White matter.

106
Q

Cluster of gray matter positioned within the white matter, in the CNS.

A

Nucleus

107
Q

Cluster of nerve cell bodies and their dendrites and where they synapse

A

Ganglion

108
Q

Where axon terminates, NT is released into synaptic cleft. NT diffuses across synaptic cleft and binds with receptors of postsynaptic membrane to bring about cell response.

A

Synapse

109
Q

How most NT are released

A

Calcium dependent exocytosis.

110
Q

AP runs down presynaptic terminal and opens up what?

A

Voltage gated Ca channels

111
Q

Ca moves with its gradient from _______ to ______ the axoplasm.

A

From outside to inside

112
Q

Ca influx into the axoplasm leads to binding of presynaptic __________ to presynaptic membrane, and release of ______ into the synaptic cleft.

A

Binding of presynaptic vesicle to membrane— release of NT

113
Q

NT released binds with _________ on the postsynaptic membrane to bring about response

A

Receptors on postsynaptic membrane

114
Q

This could be another axon, dendrites of another neuron, target tissue/organs, skeletal muscle fibers, etc.

A

Post synaptic membrane.

115
Q

Binds with original axon and decreases NT release

A

Inhibitory neuron

116
Q

Will bring about more NT release and exaggerated response

A

Excitatory neuron

117
Q

How is Ach released into the synaptic cleft?

A

Ca dependent exocytosis

118
Q

Enzyme in the synaptic cleft that breaks down Ach.

What two substances is Ach broken down into?

A

Acetylcholinesterase

Acetic acid and choline

119
Q

Diffuses to the blood to be metabolized by the liver.

A

Acetic acid (acetate)

120
Q

This substance is taken back up into the presynaptic terminal and repackaged to make Ach again.

A

Choline

121
Q

Drug we give that inactivates acetylcholinesterase

A

Neostigmine

122
Q

MOA of neostigmine

A

Inactivates Ach-esterase, allows Ach to accumulate and stay longer to bring about exaggerated response (such as return of skeletal muscle fxn)

123
Q

How is NE released into synaptic cleft

A

Ca dependent exocytosis

124
Q

How is NE removed from the synaptic cleft?

A

Reuptake pump and most NE is repacked to be used again.

125
Q

What NE is not repackaged is metabolized by what?

A

MAO (monoaminoxidase)

126
Q

What would happen if we inhibited MAO?

A

More NE would be available to be repackaged/released and have exaggerated response on postsynaptic membranes

127
Q

Was used as psych drug but no longer prevalent bc of severe CV effects and severe jitteriness.

A

MAOI’s

128
Q

Any stimulus/event that causes POSTSYNAPTIC membrane to move closer to TP

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potential

129
Q

Any event/stimulus that causes postsynaptic membrane to become more - or RMP farther from TP is ?

A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

130
Q

Example of EPSP with NE

A

NE binding with Na channels– Na influx into the cell causes RMP to become less negative and RMP to approach TP. EXCITATORY.

131
Q

Example of IPSP with NE

A

NE binding with receptors that opens Cl channels and K channels. Cl- moves into the cell and K+ moving out of cell– both make more - RMP, farther from TP. INHIBITORY.

132
Q

Found at the lower motor neuron synapses at neuromuscular jxn– responsible for skeletal muscle contraction

A

Acetylcholine

133
Q

Plays major role in autonomic nervous system and found at many CNS synapses.

A

Ach.

134
Q

What are the type of receptors for Ach

A

Nicotinic (1&2)
Muscarinic

Collectively the cholinergic receptors

135
Q

Very fast responding receptors; ligand gated ion channels with short duration (1-2 msec)
Where are they found?

A

Nicotinic 1: neuromuscular synapses

Nicotinic 2: autonomic ganglionic synapses

136
Q

When we give a paralytic like roc or vec, what type of receptor does it bind to?

A

Nicotinic 1

137
Q

G-protein couple receptors, longer duration of action (100-250 msec) (Ach)

A

Muscarinic receptors

138
Q

What are the catecholamines?

A

Dopamine
NE
Epi

139
Q

Where is NE found

A

Sympathetic post ganglionic neuron synapses with target organ synapses &
Many CNS synapses

140
Q

Watch pathway in the CNS is NE frequently found?

A

Locus ceruleus pathways

141
Q

Plays major role in coordinated skeletal muscle movement in relation to nigrostriatal pathway/tract

A

Dopamine in the CNS

142
Q

Neurohormone synthesized and secreted from the adrenal medulla ONLY!!

A

EPI

143
Q

Epi binds with same target organ receptors as __________ and intensifies its effects.

A

NE

144
Q

The same common ancestor AA to all catecholamines

A

Tyrosine

145
Q

Synthesis of epi from AA?

A

Tyrosine–> L-dopa–> dopamine –> NE –> EPI (only in the adrenal medulla is the enzyme to convert NE to epi!!!)

146
Q

How are catecholamines released?

A

Ca dependent exocytosis

147
Q

What type of receptors do epi and NE bind to

A

Adrenergic receptors:
Alpha 1&2
Beta 1&2

148
Q

Dopamine binds with what receptors

A

Dopaminergic receptors:
D1: activates adenylyl cyclase
D2: inactivates…

149
Q

Found throughout CNS, brainstem, and limbic system

A

Serotonin

150
Q

Players a role in emotional responses to environment

A

Limbic system/ serotonin

151
Q

Serotonin is synthesized by __________ and released by _________.

A

L-tryptophan

Ca dependent exocytosis

152
Q

Almost always released with other NT, almost never by itself

A

Serotonin

153
Q

Serotonin has at least 7 receptors and most all are EXCITATORY/INHIBITORY?

A

INHIBITORY

154
Q

This is ALWAYS INHIBITORY (AA).

A

GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid)

155
Q

How is GABA released

A

Ca dependent exocytosis

156
Q

Receptors for GABA?

A

GABA-A

GABA-b

157
Q

GABA receptor on the POSTsynaptic membrane that open up Cl- channels resulting in membrane hyperpolarization

A

GABA A

158
Q

GABA receptor on the PREsynaptic membrane, decrease the release of NT.

A

GABA B

159
Q

Two types of drugs that bind to gaba receptors that we give

A

Propofol

Midazolam

160
Q

This is (AA) that is ALWAYS EXCITATORY.

Major NT for fast, acute, sharp pain.

A

Glutamate

161
Q

What type of receptors does glutamate bind to?

A

NMDA
QA
KA

162
Q

Is ketamine an NMDA agonist/antagonist?

A

Antagonist– blocks the receptor bc its excitatory if activated.

163
Q

Major NT for the transmission of slow, long-term chronic pain.

A

Substance P

164
Q

Receptors for Substance P

A

Neurokinin

165
Q

What are the endogenous opioid peptides?

A

Endorphins
Enkephalins
Dynorphins

166
Q

Where are endogenous opioids found and how are they released.

A

Many sites in CNS and ca dependent exocytosis

167
Q

Receptors for endogenous opioids

A

Mu: endorphins

Kappa: dynorphins

Delta: enkephalins

168
Q

All neuropeptides (endogenous op) are EXCITATORY/INHIBITORY.

A

INHIBITORY

169
Q

These are very potent and may cause prolonged cell response, sometimes days, weeks or months.

A

Endogenous opioids/ neuropeptides

170
Q

This is released along with a NT and either intensifies or decreased the effect the NT has on the postsynaptic membrane

A

Neuromodulator

171
Q

What are the 3 types of summation?

A

Spatial
Temporal
Combined spacial and temporal

172
Q

2 or more impulses occurring on different dendritic membranes simultaneously

A

Spatial summation

173
Q

Impulses arriving over time at the same dendritic membrane

A

Temporal summation

174
Q

With spatial summation, impulses must add up to get RMP to TP. If one impulse is inhibitory and the other is excitatory, what will happen at the axon hillock?

A

Nothing, they will cancel each other out.

175
Q

With temporal summation, impulses must be HIGH/LOW magnitude and arrive QUICKLY/SLOWLY after one another to conduct an AP

A

High magnitude

Quickly follow each other

176
Q

What happens at axon hillock with an action potential depends on what?

A

The net sum of spatial and. Temporal impulses

177
Q

Basic FUNCTIONAL component of the nervous system

A

Reflex Arc

178
Q

A reflex are is defined by ________ input, and _______ output. Or can be _______ input and _______ output.

A

Sensory input
Motor output

Sensory input
Autonomic output

179
Q

One neuron that has an axon that synapses on multiple nerve cell bodies is what type of pathway

A

Divergent pathway

180
Q

Multiple neurons and their axons synapse on a single neuron is what type of pathway

A

Convergent pathway

181
Q

Allows brain to localize stimulus, analyze, and formulate a response to the stimulus in a reflex arc

A

Site of divergence of the sensory afferent neuron

182
Q

Site of convergence example in a sensory-motor reflex arc

A

Where brain responds to stimulus and sensory divergent neuron synapse to determine motor response

183
Q

Feedback into the nerve cell body that regulates output from the nerve cell; regulatory mechanism

A

Oscillating pathway

184
Q

Oscillating pathways are characterized by what?

A

Periods of activity and periods of fatigue

185
Q

Two examples of oscillating pathways?

A

Sleep wake cycle: when pathway active, we are awake, when not active, we sleep.

Respiratory cycle: when active, we inspire, when pathway fatigues, inspiration stops and we expire

186
Q

When is a neuron unable to every repair it self?

A

When the nerve cell body is crushed or injured

187
Q

Axons can repair themselves under what conditions?

A

Axons have to be closely approximated.

188
Q

If axon is not approximated, what happens?

A

Muscle will atrophy and will have nerve injury

189
Q

What event brings an end to depolarization and intiates repolarization?

A

Closure of v-g Na channels and about the same time opening of v-g K channels

190
Q

Hyperkalemia _________ the cell so is closer to TP.

A

Hyperkalemia HYPERPOLARIZES the cell

191
Q

Hypokalemia ________ the cell making it further from TP.

A

Hypokalemia HYPERPOLARIZES the cell

192
Q

When we think about calcium , we think about changes in the __________ potential

A

Threshold potential

193
Q

What occurs at RMP?

A

K leak channels
Na leak channels
Na-K pump
- charged proteins accumulating on membrane

194
Q

What would the outcome be if glutamate and gaba bind simultaneously with their receptors on a postsynaptic membrane.

A

They would cancel each other out.

195
Q

Outcome of glutamate binding with NMDA receptor would be EXCITATORY/INHIBITORY

A

EXCITATORY

ANAP 500 (6 decks)

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