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ANAP 500 > Cell Receptor & Signal Transduction > Flashcards

Cell Receptor & Signal Transduction Flashcards

1
Q

What type of receptors are incorporated into the phospholipid cell membrane? They can be integrated with a number of intracellular proteins, enzymes, 2nd messengers and protein kinases

A

Membrane-bound receptors

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2
Q

Intracellular receptors are found in what 2 places?

A

Cytoplasm or nucleus

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3
Q

Signal transduction usually involves a _______ of events

A

A cascade of events

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4
Q

What is the fastest acting of all of the receptor mechanisms?

A

A membrane bound receptor that opens an ion channel

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5
Q

What is a drug that opens up Cl- channels?

A

Propofol

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6
Q

What type of receptor does propofol bind to?

A

GABA

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7
Q

A membrane bound receptor with signal transduction can be coupled with an enzyme and second messenger inside the cell to bring about a cell response.

These enzymes are what type of proteins?

A

Peripheral proteins

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8
Q

What is the first thing to happen after a ligand binds to a membrane bound receptor coupled with an enzyme and second messenger inside the cell? (What enzyme is activated)

A

Guanylate cyclase is activated

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9
Q

What does the activated enzyme guanylate cyclase do to GTP?

A

Converts GTP to cyclic GMP (cGMP)

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10
Q

What does cGMP activate that brings about the cellular response?

A

Protein kinase G

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11
Q

What type of enzyme can inactivate second messengers, such as cGMP, causing cGMP to break down to GMP and cease of cell response?

A

Phosphodiasterases

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12
Q

Guanylate cyclase is no longer activated when?

A

When the ligand is removed from the receptor site

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13
Q

A G-protein is coupled with a membrane bound receptor and is composed of what 3 subunits?

A

Alpha, beta, and gamma subunit

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14
Q

Which subunit is attached to GDP?

A

Alpha subunit

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15
Q

What happens to the G protein/alpha subunit when a chemical signal binds to the receptor

A

It separates from the receptor, GTP replaces GDP on the alpha subunit and it separates from the other subunits

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16
Q

What brings about the physiologic response with G protein coupled receptors?

A

The alpha-GTP complex

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17
Q

Other than separation of the chemical signal from the receptor site, what ceases physiologic response in G protein coupled signal transduction?

A

A dephosphorilating enzyme in the alpha subunit breaks down GTP to GDP. The alpha/GDP complex reconnects with the G protein which reconnects to the receptor and becomes inactive.

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18
Q

What type of receptors use G protein coupled receptors

A

Alpha 1
Beta 1
Beta 2

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19
Q

Activated Alpha 1 receptor alpha/GTP complex activates what enzyme?

A

Phospholipase C

20
Q

Activated Phospholipase C converts PIP2 into what two substances?

A

Diacylglycerol

IP3

21
Q

IP3 causes increased release of _______ form sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum

A

Calcium

22
Q

Diacylglycerol and the Calcium released from IP3 stimulation activate ___________ to get target cell response.

A

Protein kinase C

23
Q

Alpha 1 receptors are found predominantly where?

A

Vascular smooth muscle

24
Q

Pure A1 agonist drug

A

Neosynephrine

25
Q

Activated A1 response brings about what physiologic actions

A

Vascular smooth muscle contraction -
Vascular constriction -
Increase BP

26
Q

B1 receptors are found where in the heart?

A

SA node
AV node
Ventricular contractile fibers

27
Q

Activated B1 in the SA node causes:

A

Increased HR

28
Q

Activated B1 in the AV node causes:

A

Increased speed of conduction

29
Q

Activated B1 in ventricular contractile fibers causes:

A

Increased contractility

30
Q

B2 receptors are found where?

A

Bronchiolar smooth muscle

31
Q

Activated B2 in bronchial smooth muscle causes:

A

Bronchiolar dilation and increased airflow

32
Q

What is a common B2 agonist we use for bronchiolar dilation?

A

Albuterol

33
Q

The alpha/GTP subunit activates what enzyme in B receptors

A

Adenylyl cyclase

34
Q

Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP in order to activate what enzyme to bring about physiologic response to activated B receptor

A

Protein kinase A

35
Q

If a receptor is phosphorilated to activate intracellular proteins, that means that _______ is added to bring about target cell response.

A

Energy is added to bring about target cell response

36
Q

What steroid-based hormones use intracellular receptor mechanisms

A 
Testosterone
Aldosterone
Progesterone
Estrogen
Cortisol
37
Q

What hormones also use intracellular receptor mechanism, but is not steroid based?

A

Thyroid hormones

38
Q

A steroid based hormone crosses the cell membrane to bind with intracellular receptor, what does the hormone/receptor complex do next?

A

Moves through nuclear pores into the nucleus

39
Q

Once in the nucleus, the aldosterone/receptor complex attaches to DNA and activates ____________.

A

Transcriptases

40
Q

Transcriptases are enzymes that do what?

A

Increase the rate of transcription of DNA to mRNA

41
Q

What does mRNA have to do in order to synthesize proteins?

A

Leave the nucleus and carry the code to synthesize proteins

42
Q

What brings about the target cell response in intracellular receptor mechanisms?

A

The proteins synthesized/produced.

43
Q

Intracellular receptor mechanisms take seconds to minutes to work. TRUE/FALSE?

A

FALSE

Take hours to days to work, but last longer than other mechanisms

44
Q

What vasodilating substances use membrane bound receptor and intracellular receptor signal transduction mechanism?

A

Histamine
Bradykinin
Prostaglandins
Adenosine

45
Q

Signal transduction via opening of cell membrane ion channels is the fastest signal transduction mechanism by far, this occurs in ___________

A

Milliseconds

46
Q

Signal transduction mechanisms coupled with second messengers, G-proteins, and phosphorylation of intracellular proteins/enzymes all occur take how long to get target cell response?

A

Seconds to minutes

47
Q

Intracellular receptors take how long to get target cell effect?

A

Minutes, hours or days, but long-lasting effects.

ANAP 500 (6 decks)

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