Tutorial 7 : The importance of soil quality Flashcards

1
Q

soil formation

A

development of soil from parent materials (sediments), also known as pedogenesis

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2
Q

soil protection

A

conservation of soil properties and quality

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3
Q

European Soil Strategies for 2030

A

framework to restore soil by 2050, with actions that need to be put in place by 2030

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4
Q

soil degradation

A

decline in soil quality and fertility due to various factors, such as erosion, pollution, loss of organic matter

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5
Q

soil health

A

the overall condition of soil in terms of its physical, chemical and biological properties

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6
Q

soil quality indicators

A

parameters that can be measured to make assessments on the health of the soil

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7
Q

nutrient cycling

A

neutral processes through which essential nutrients like carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous are recycled and made available to plants and other organisms in the soil ecosystem (carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle,…)

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8
Q

blue water

A

water from streams, rivers, lakes, groundwater aquifers,…

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9
Q

green water

A

water that penetrates the soil after rainfall

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10
Q

soil remediation

A

restoration from the soil via different techniques

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11
Q

types of soil remediation

A
  • thermal soil remediation
  • air sparging
  • encapsulation: encapsulates the contaminants (not good for agriculture)
  • bioremediation
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12
Q

bioremediation

A

use of biological mechanisms for remediation
the contaminated soil is treated at the site with aerobic and anaerobic bacteria that have been engineered specifically to consume and break down pollutants
not always possible in extreme climates

  • phytoremediation: it happens through the plant, contaminants are absorbed from the soil
  • phycoremediation: it involves algae
  • mycoremediation: it involves fungi
  • bacterial remediation: it involves bacteria
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13
Q

biochar

A

from the charcoal produced by heating biomass in the absence of oxygen

can be added to soil to improve quality

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14
Q

plant-soil-microbiome interaction

A

complex relationships between plants, soil organisms which influence plant growth and nutrient cycling and overall ecosystem functioning

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15
Q

root biofilms

A

microbial communities that form biofilms on plant roots that play a role in nutrient uptake

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16
Q

soil organic matter

A

partially decomposed plant and organic residues, microbial biomass, and other organic material in the soil

17
Q

soil organic matter formation

A

occurs through the decomposition of organic materials; degraded by soil organisms such as bacterial, fungi, earthworms

18
Q

mycorrhizal fungi in soil organic matter formation

A

fungi that have a symbiotic relationship with plant roots; help with nutrient uptake and help from organic matter; fungi secrete hyphae which then make up organic matter glomalin soil protein

19
Q

mitigation of food contamination in agriculture by mycorrhizal fungi

A

fungi can immobilise metals in soils, restricting to transfer to plants

20
Q

soil biota

A

everything that lives in the soil. Refers to micro- and macrobiota

microbiota refers to various microorganisms living in the soil
macrobiota refers to soil fauna and other plants that are visible to the naked eye

21
Q

soil fauna

A

various animal organisms living in the soil (worms, insects,…)

22
Q

antimicrobials and antimicrobial resistance

A

antimicrobials are substances that inhibit the growth or kill microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.

antimicrobial resistance refers to the ability of microorganisms to resist the effect of antimicrobial agents, leading to treatment failures and public health concerns

23
Q

antimicrobial resistance in soils

A

antibiotics runoff into the soil and microorganisms develop resistance

24
Q

humic acids

A

large molecules that improve soil quality and plant growth.
form solid pieces when acidified
act as prebiotics, feeding beneficial bacteria in the gut

25
Q

fulvic acid

A

smaller molecules that enhance nutrient uptake and cell energy
remain dissolved at all PH levels

26
Q

nitrogen cycle

A

nitrogen fixation through bacteria (nitroh=gen is converted to ammonia)
Ammonia is used by plants as nutrients
nitrogen-fixing plants -> working together with microorganisms which fix nitrogen into the soil

1) Nitrification: plants can convert nitrogen to nitrates
2) Assimilation: plans and bacteria working together to transfer nitrogen to plant
3) Ammonification: decomposition of plants and animals, and nitrogen is converted to ammonia
4) Denitrification: bacteria convert nitrates back into nitrogen, releasing it back into the atmosphere

27
Q

phosphorus cycle

A

1) Weathering: rocks release phosphate minerals into the soil through weathering processes
2) Absorption: plants absorb phosphate from the soil through their roots, incorporating it into their tissues
3) Consumption: animals obtain phosphorous by eating plants or other animals
4) Decomposition: when plants and animals die, phosphorous is released back into the soil through decomposition
5) Leaching: Phosphorous can be washed away from soil into water bodies through runoff
6) Sedimentation: phosphorous settles at the bottom of water bodies, where it can become part of sedimentary rocks over time

28
Q

carbon cycle

A

1) Photosynthesis: plants absorb carbon dioxide from the air during photosynthesis, converting it into organic carbon compounds
2) Consumption: animals obtain carbon by consuming plants or other animals
3) Respiration: plants and animals release CO2 back into the air through respiration when they break down organic compounds for energy
4) Decomposition: when plants and animals die, decomposers break down their organic matter, releasing carbon back into the soil or water
5) Combustion: human activities, like burning fossil fuels and forests, release CO2 into the atmosphere
6) Carbon sink: some carbon is stored long-term in oceans, soil, rocks, and fossil fuels, which act as reservoirs that can exchange carbon with the atmosphere over long periods

29
Q

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

A

type of mycorrhiza in which the symbiont fungus penetrates the cortical cells of the roots of a vascular plant, forming arbuscular

30
Q

thermal soil remediation

A
  • in-situ treatment
  • works best for soil that has been polluted by either contaminated water or hydrocarbon compounds like petroleum products
  • contaminated material is heated to 650-900C in a primary treatment unit to the point where hydrocarbon impurities and water evaporate
31
Q

air sparging

A
  • large amounts of air are injected into a contaminated soil stratum to force organic vapours outwards where they can be treated by carbon filtering
  • applied directly to the soil
  • used for removing hydrocarbon pollutants
32
Q

encapsulation

A
  • separates contaminants and stops their spread instead of filtering them
  • the contaminant source is covered with layers of lime, concrete, clay caps, or synthetic textiles that limit precipitation’s infiltration
  • usually a last resort technique