Tutorial 2

Question 1

CDC Clinical Definition of HIV positive

Answer 1

Test positive of elisa test - have antibodies present
4 tests - (generations
must go through a lot to be declared HIV positive

Question 2

Pragmatic Solidarity

Answer 2

Acknowledging and recognied the needs of people
Global inequalities
People can understand the risks of doing something (e.g Unprotected sex) but they are not in the position to do so.
Farmer argues pragmatic solidarity is paired with pragmatism
“the rapid deployment of our tools and resources to improve the health and well being of those who suffer from this violence”

“expand the concept of right to include social and economic rights”
–> they pertain to health as an inalienable human right

Question 3

Synergism of Plagues

Answer 3

“a matter of understanding a limited number of events and processes that range from unemployment to the destruction of housing by fires” - Rodrick Wallace

Interactions of 2 or more organizations that come together
Mix of urban degeneration and social health and order
Theory “it’s not mine”
Studies of Bronx and HIV linked with drug use

Question 4

Explore the concepts of Personal Agency (free will and choices) and consensual sex in the cases of the case studies of the three women infected with HIV : Darlene, Guylene and Lata

Answer 4

1. We’re any of these womens relationships consensual?

Structural Violence -

Darlene - poverty in USA, heroine addict - acquired HIV through shared needle. Virus vertically transmitted into some of her children that became ill

• -> Structural violence - unlikely to get access to adequate healthcare
• -> Stigma of a drug addict
• -> Abused by first husband - was the sex consensual? Personal agency - did she have a choice in her marriage to this man
• -> Married 2nd husband for love

Guylene - Sold to a man twice her age and pregnant by 15.

• -> Personal Agency - Sex not consensual
• -> Sold to 2nd man who died of AIDS - Personal Agency - Consensual Sex?
• -> Looks for a 3rd relationship - Why? –> Support herself and her children

Lata - sold off by family to become a sex worker in red district of Bombay - Tried to leave and was forced to stay due to her “debt”. Pimp Raped her
–> Personal Agency - Consensual Sex?
Known HIV carrier and still has unprotected sex
–> Took back some of her personal agency by using condoms

Question 5

What role did tourism play in the spread of HIV to the Caribbean? What about Haiti made it a scapegoat for the spread of this disease?

Answer 5

Men had homosexual contact with American Men –> HIV came form North America
In Haiti, bisexual men have homosexual interactions for money
Late 70’s Haiti = haven for homosexula men - tourists esp
Haiti = scapegoat due to voodoo blood rituals, straying men, priests

” The major risk factor for HIV seropositivity was homosexual contact with a partner from a foreign country, primarily the US”

Question 6

5 Countries that rely on USA for Aid

Answer 6

5 countries that have the highest aids infection rate

Question 7

HIV

Answer 7

Comes from Africa
came from SIV - Simian immunodeficiency virus - virulent in humans but not in chimps
Haiti = slave colony
Slaves come from Africa and bring HIV with them
HIV1 comes from chimps
HIV2 Comes from a monkey
Transmitted via bodily fluids
HIV mist prevalent in CD4 cells - immune response cells

Question 8

How have the patterns of HIV in Haiti Differed from the US in the past and present?What factors have affected these differences?

Answer 8

Haiti has grown significantly to the prevalence rate as opposed to the US, AIDS is growing. The main reason Haiti surpasses the US is because of the overwhelming amount of people below the poverty line.
USA risk factors - homosexual relationships, haemophiliacs needing blood transfusions, needle use between drug users
vertical transmission - mother to child
Sexual Tourism (US and Haiti)