Diet and Nutrition Flashcards
Nutritional Science
Diet and Health Correlate, but so do diet and lifestyle
Mechanistic/biomedical interventions considered instead of biocultural ones
Epidemiological Solutions
Suspected dietary factors involved with other factors not taken into consideration
e.g Red Wine is good for you, but we haven’t considered your diet
Molecular Biology
Mechanistic models are highly oversimplified
Many studies related to lab rats - How are they related to humans?!
Intervention Studies
Intervention studies vs. Non interventions (i.e butter group vs. olive oil group)
People get anstsy and worried about their diets and start researching and changing their diets and ruin the study
double blind studies and diet/lifestyle don’t work as people know which group they’re in
Publication Bias
Biases derived non academically
Usually occur because of financial and personal interests
met analysis discovers publication biases
PLos Medicine 2007- Scholars funded by the industry had favourable results
Preconceived Ideas
Porfitable foodstuffs are overemphasized
Wheat Fibre, vegetarianism, red meat, soya –> all have certain connotations
Citation Bias
People fall back on well known studies - More influential but not necessarily better
Studies that confirm well known stuff are cited more than contradictors
Drug studies played up more than nutritional studies
Autointoxication
Importance of Fibre began in 1970’s
Virtually no western diseases in their places of study - high fibre diets worsened in women with cardiovascular diseases
People who prefer whole wheat have less cardiovascular disease
Wheat Bran
interferes with vitamin absorption and Decreases iron absorption
Leads to Negative Calcium Balance
Low Fat Diet
study of Mediterranean Population - found that there was a correlation between fat intake and heart disease
US men 100x more at risk of heart disease even though Cretan men eat the same
2010 study showed no correlation between fat intake and heart disease
Omega 3 Buzz
Greenland/inuit rooots - High Fatty Diet
Cochrane - Meta - analysis 2004 found no netbenefit on CVD, mortality or cancer
Sodium
75 Salt in our diets comes from processed food
Potassium sodium ratio
Lots of salt low potassium
Glycemic Index
How fast the body breaks down blood sugar
French Paradox
French consume highest saturated fats in western world yet have the lowest levels of coronary heart disease
Ethanol/alcohol
62% lower at risk of CHDif you don’t drink alcohol
Bipedalism
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
First Divergence from apes 7MYA
Forests shrink - climate change causes apes to move to the ground in search for food
Less energy to walk bipedal than knuckle walk
Transition from Frugivory
Australopiths weaned off fruit to eat a variety of foods
Small canines, robust teeth, large and flat teeth
USO
USO
Underground Storage Organs
Potatoes, Yams, Cassava
Brain Increase
H.habilis 2MYA
600cm3
H&G began
Increased brain size correlates with better diet quality
Paleolithic
2.6MYA-10KYA
4 behaviours unique to hominins
Hunting
Gathering
Cooperation
Food Processing
Homo Habilis
2MYA evolved omnivorous diet smaller post canines thin enamel increased brain size increased small intestine
Ancient Human Diets
High vitamin.mineral.micronutrient concentration
high water and fibre
no grains, beans, dairy, refined fats or sugars
Agricultural Revolution
Intensive cultivation niche construction 10KYA increasing reproduction= earlier fertility decrease in health Consume Narrow Range of foods Decrease in Animal foods Dependant on crops vulnerable to drought and Disease Increase in cavities
Tooth Size Trends
Smaller
Hypoplasias
Grooves/pits in Enamel
Agriculturalists have more than foragers
Micro/macro wear
Decrease in tooth wear in agriculturalists
Decrease in Micro wear with the exception of those cooking in pottery
little tooth wear in contemporary populations
Dental Chipping
Benefit to Agriculturalist
Decrease due to softer foods
Craniofacial Gracilization
Detriment to Agriculturalists
Smaller jaw size and decrease in muscle strength and size
Crowding of teeth - smaller jaw but same # of teeth
soft food = overbite, tooth impaction and tooth rotation
Children are shorter with less nutrition
Agriculture
- femur length to dental age shows growth is impeded
- lower stature which declines with agriculture or intensification
- growth arrest lines aka harris lines (where growth stopped and then resumed)
- anemia via iron deficiency - cribra orbitalia and porotic hyperostosis
Cribra Orbitalia
Cranial lesion in eye orbits
Porotic hyperostosis
Lesions in fault lines on crown of head
Osteoarthritis
mechanical degeneration of skeleton
Caused by lifetime physical demands
Modern Diets
Industrial farming WWII -> 1970's Mechanical farming (small farmer turfed) Grow crops cheaply - superabundance low protein, high carb diet low in fibre, vitamins and minerals consuming more calories than necessary
Psuedo-Foods
Seed oils, shortening, margarine, HFC’s
Papua New Guinea 1989
Stefan Lindberg Healthy modern Diet No western diseases in this area Verbal autopsy horticulture and limited H&G Primaryily eat yams, taro, sweet potato, pineapple, mango Low BMI Heavy smokers but no CHD No heart attack, stroke, diabetes. dementia. obesity, hypertension or acne.
Hugh Towell and Deni Burkitt
High Fibre Diet
Womens Health initiative
RC dietary modification trial –> no benefit on CVD, cancer or total mortality
Whole Wheat
People who prefer to eat whole wheat = less CVD
Poor wheat Harvest 1799
Led to food Shortages
Making of brea act 1800
Seven countries study
1950’s
Us men 100x greater risk for CHD than other men vs identical fat intake
Vitamin E and A supplements
Increase mortality
Malocclusion
Edge to Edge bits and hard foods
