Diet and Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Nutritional Science

A

Diet and Health Correlate, but so do diet and lifestyle

Mechanistic/biomedical interventions considered instead of biocultural ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Epidemiological Solutions

A

Suspected dietary factors involved with other factors not taken into consideration
e.g Red Wine is good for you, but we haven’t considered your diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Molecular Biology

A

Mechanistic models are highly oversimplified

Many studies related to lab rats - How are they related to humans?!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Intervention Studies

A

Intervention studies vs. Non interventions (i.e butter group vs. olive oil group)
People get anstsy and worried about their diets and start researching and changing their diets and ruin the study
double blind studies and diet/lifestyle don’t work as people know which group they’re in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Publication Bias

A

Biases derived non academically
Usually occur because of financial and personal interests
met analysis discovers publication biases
PLos Medicine 2007- Scholars funded by the industry had favourable results

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Preconceived Ideas

A

Porfitable foodstuffs are overemphasized

Wheat Fibre, vegetarianism, red meat, soya –> all have certain connotations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Citation Bias

A

People fall back on well known studies - More influential but not necessarily better
Studies that confirm well known stuff are cited more than contradictors
Drug studies played up more than nutritional studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Autointoxication

A

Importance of Fibre began in 1970’s
Virtually no western diseases in their places of study - high fibre diets worsened in women with cardiovascular diseases
People who prefer whole wheat have less cardiovascular disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Wheat Bran

A

interferes with vitamin absorption and Decreases iron absorption
Leads to Negative Calcium Balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Low Fat Diet

A

study of Mediterranean Population - found that there was a correlation between fat intake and heart disease
US men 100x more at risk of heart disease even though Cretan men eat the same
2010 study showed no correlation between fat intake and heart disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Omega 3 Buzz

A

Greenland/inuit rooots - High Fatty Diet

Cochrane - Meta - analysis 2004 found no netbenefit on CVD, mortality or cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sodium

A

75 Salt in our diets comes from processed food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Potassium sodium ratio

A

Lots of salt low potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Glycemic Index

A

How fast the body breaks down blood sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

French Paradox

A

French consume highest saturated fats in western world yet have the lowest levels of coronary heart disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ethanol/alcohol

A

62% lower at risk of CHDif you don’t drink alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Bipedalism

A

Sahelanthropus tchadensis
First Divergence from apes 7MYA
Forests shrink - climate change causes apes to move to the ground in search for food
Less energy to walk bipedal than knuckle walk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Transition from Frugivory

A

Australopiths weaned off fruit to eat a variety of foods
Small canines, robust teeth, large and flat teeth
USO

19
Q

USO

A

Underground Storage Organs

Potatoes, Yams, Cassava

20
Q

Brain Increase

A

H.habilis 2MYA
600cm3
H&G began
Increased brain size correlates with better diet quality

21
Q

Paleolithic

A

2.6MYA-10KYA

22
Q

4 behaviours unique to hominins

A

Hunting
Gathering
Cooperation
Food Processing

23
Q

Homo Habilis

A
2MYA
evolved omnivorous diet
smaller post canines
thin enamel
increased brain size
increased small intestine
24
Q

Ancient Human Diets

A

High vitamin.mineral.micronutrient concentration
high water and fibre
no grains, beans, dairy, refined fats or sugars

25
Q

Agricultural Revolution

A
Intensive cultivation
niche construction
10KYA
increasing reproduction= earlier fertility
decrease in health
Consume Narrow Range of foods
Decrease in Animal foods
Dependant on crops vulnerable to drought and Disease
Increase in cavities
26
Q

Tooth Size Trends

A

Smaller

27
Q

Hypoplasias

A

Grooves/pits in Enamel

Agriculturalists have more than foragers

28
Q

Micro/macro wear

A

Decrease in tooth wear in agriculturalists
Decrease in Micro wear with the exception of those cooking in pottery
little tooth wear in contemporary populations

29
Q

Dental Chipping

A

Benefit to Agriculturalist

Decrease due to softer foods

30
Q

Craniofacial Gracilization

A

Detriment to Agriculturalists
Smaller jaw size and decrease in muscle strength and size
Crowding of teeth - smaller jaw but same # of teeth
soft food = overbite, tooth impaction and tooth rotation

31
Q

Children are shorter with less nutrition

A

Agriculture

  • femur length to dental age shows growth is impeded
  • lower stature which declines with agriculture or intensification
  • growth arrest lines aka harris lines (where growth stopped and then resumed)
  • anemia via iron deficiency - cribra orbitalia and porotic hyperostosis
32
Q

Cribra Orbitalia

A

Cranial lesion in eye orbits

33
Q

Porotic hyperostosis

A

Lesions in fault lines on crown of head

34
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

mechanical degeneration of skeleton

Caused by lifetime physical demands

35
Q

Modern Diets

A
Industrial farming
WWII -> 1970's  Mechanical farming (small farmer turfed)
Grow crops cheaply - superabundance
low protein, high carb diet
low in fibre, vitamins and minerals
consuming more calories than necessary
36
Q

Psuedo-Foods

A

Seed oils, shortening, margarine, HFC’s

37
Q

Papua New Guinea 1989

A
Stefan Lindberg
Healthy modern Diet
No western diseases in this area
Verbal autopsy
horticulture and limited H&G
Primaryily eat yams, taro, sweet potato, pineapple, mango
Low BMI
Heavy smokers but no CHD
No heart attack, stroke, diabetes. dementia. obesity, hypertension or acne.
38
Q

Hugh Towell and Deni Burkitt

A

High Fibre Diet
Womens Health initiative
RC dietary modification trial –> no benefit on CVD, cancer or total mortality

39
Q

Whole Wheat

A

People who prefer to eat whole wheat = less CVD

40
Q

Poor wheat Harvest 1799

A

Led to food Shortages

Making of brea act 1800

41
Q

Seven countries study

A

1950’s

Us men 100x greater risk for CHD than other men vs identical fat intake

42
Q

Vitamin E and A supplements

A

Increase mortality

43
Q

Malocclusion

A

Edge to Edge bits and hard foods