Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 110 > Tutorial 1-6 > Flashcards

Tutorial 1-6 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Adaptation

A

Traits that help an organism survive in its current environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Biological evolution

A

Changes in the genetic structure of a population.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Life

A

The condition that distinguishes living organisms from non-living matter. Some features of life include: order, the need for energy, growth and development, regulation or one’s internal environment, the ability to reproduce, the ability to respond to one’s external environment, and evolutionary adaptation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Natural selection

A

A process by which a population becomes better adapted to its environment over time. Also can be defined as “differential reproduction” – the best adapted individuals are more likely to reproduce than less well adapted individuals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Amino acid

A

The basic monomer of proteins with a general structure of an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a chemically variable “R” group covalently joined by a carbon. Typically, there are twenty different R-groups, resulting in twenty commonly seen amino acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Amphipathic

A

A property of being both hydrophobic and hydrophilic. An amphipathic molecule has one end with some charge character, and the other end lacking charge.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Anabolism

A

The general process of of joining monomers to form a polymer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Biomolecule

A

Molecules found in living organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Carbohydrate

A

A type of biomolecule that generally have a basic structural formula that is written as C(H20)n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Catabolism

A

The general process of breaking down into its monomers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cellulose

A

A type of carbohydrates used as structural molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Chitin

A

A type of carbohydrates used for structural purposes in some animals and fungi.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cohesion

A

A physical property of particles or molecules of the same substance sticking together. For example, liquid water molecules being stuck together via H-bonding give it cohesion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Condensation synthesis (dehydration synthesis)

A

The process in which a hydroxide (OH) is removed from one molecule and a hydrogen (H) is removed from the adjacent combining molecule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Covalent bond

A

Bonds that involve the sharing of electrons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

A type of nucleic acids comprised of DNA nucleotides that have deoxyribose as their sugar and one nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine). DNA usually exists as paired strands, with the two sides held together by hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases (cytosine binds to guanine, and thymine to adenine).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Electron

A

A negatively charged part of an atom.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Electronegative

A

Electronegative elements tend to pull electrons close to them when forming covalent bonds with other elements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Enzyme

A

A type of proteins that accelerate chemical reactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Glycogen

A

A type of a polymer of glucose monomers used by animals to store surplus sugar in their livers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Heat of vaporization

A

The specific amount of heat or energy required to vaporize a liquid at a constant temperature.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

The electrostatic attraction formed between the partial positive charge of a hydrogen (due to it being covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom such as nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine) and the partial negative charge of another highly electronegative atom nearby.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Hydrolysis

A

A type of catabolism whereby a polymer is broken down by the addition of water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Compounds that dissolve readily in water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Compounds that do not interact with water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Inorganic compound

A

Compound that does not contain carbon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Lipid

A

An assortment of diverse non-polymer molecules that share a common trait of being hydrophobic. Their main biological functions include energy storage (e.g., fats), main structural components of cell membranes (e.g., phospholipids and cholesterol), and hormones and other cell signaling molecules (e.g., estrogen and testosterone).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Macromolecule

A

Large organic compounds. Some examples are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Monosaccharides

A

The basic monomeric units of carbohydrates also called the simple sugars.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Disaccharides

A

Sugars formed by a condensation reaction between two monosaccharides.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Sugars consist of up to several thousand monomers of simple sugars formed via additional condensation reactions. The type of polysaccharide is determined by the number, type, and arrangement of its monomers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Nitrogenous base

A

A ringed structure consisting of nitrogen, carbon, and hydrogen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Nucleic acid

A

Organic compounds that make up RNA and DNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Organic compound

A

Compound that contains carbon and is prevalent in living systems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Phospholipid

A

An important amphipathic component of phospholipid bilayer of cell membranes that have only two fatty acids molecules, and a glycerol joined to a phosphate group.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Polar

A

State of having different electrical properties on opposite ends.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Polypeptide

A

A polymer (chain) of amino acids with a particular order of amino acids determined by a specific gene.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Proteins

A

Polymers of amino acids that are functionally and structurally diverse. Protein consist of one or more polypeptide chains arranged in a specific conformation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Primary structure

A

The sequence of amino acids in a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Secondary structure

A

Regions of the molecule that are coiled ( helices) or folded ( pleated sheets).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Tertiary structure

A

The overall shape of the protein due to interactions between the side chains (R groups) of the amino acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

A type of nucleic acid comprised of RNA nucleotides that have ribose as their sugar and one nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil). RNA is typically a single-stranded molecule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Saturated fat

A

A type of fats that does not have double bonds in their hydrocarbon chains because their carbon is bound to two other carbons and two hydrogens. Their chains are straight and therefore can be organized into more tightly packed arrangement. It is usually in a solid state at room temperature.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Solvent

A

A material capable of dissolving many compounds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Specific heat

A

The specific amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Starch

A

A type of carbohydrates that is a glucose polymer used by plants to store surplus sugar.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Steriod

A

A type of lipids characterized by a four-fused ring structure including cholesterol and certain hormones (e.g., estrogen and testosterone) produced from cholesterol.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Surface tension

A

Resistance to disruption at the surface.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Triacylglycerol

A

Dietary fats which are formed when three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule join via condensation synthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Unsaturated fat

A

A type of fats that have double bonds along their lengths, and therefore have kinks and cannot be tightly packed. It is usually in a liquid state at room temperature.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Valence

A

Relating to or denoting electrons – in an element’s outermost orbital – involved in or available for chemical bond formation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Archaea

A

One of three major domains that contains more simple cells (prokaryotes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Autotroph

A

An organism capable of making its own food from inorganic sulfur and iron compounds.

54
Q

Bacteria

A

One of three major domains that contains more simple cells (prokaryotes)

55
Q

Carbon-14 dating (radiocarbon dating)

A

A common radiometric dating using carbon-14 (C14).

56
Q

Continental drift

A

A phenomenon of the constant rearrangement due to the movement of Earth’s crust.

57
Q

Dendrochronology

A

A type of absolute dating technique that relies on the fact that trees have annual growth rings that reflect the age of the tree (one ring is produced each year).

58
Q

Eukarya

A

One of three major domains that contains complex cells with a nucleus and an array of organelles that perform different functions within the cell (eukaryotes).

59
Q

Eukaryote

A

Member of the Eukarya that have complex cells with a nucleus and an array of organelles that perform different functions within the cell.

60
Q

Fossil

A

Preserved remnants of organisms (e.g., bones and teeth) or whole organisms embedded in amber, acid bogs and tar pits, or anywhere bacteria can’t decompose a dead body. Fossils can be found in other forms such as an animal’s footprint.

61
Q

Geological time scale

A

A classification of different periods in Earth’s history that is used to divide fossils into age groups. Four great eras of the geological time scale are Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras.

62
Q

Heterotroph

A

An organism unable to make its own food, and therefore must consume organic molecules to gain energy.

63
Q

Half-life

A

A radioisotope’s half-life is the amount of time it takes for one-half of the parental atom population to decay into daughter atoms.

64
Q

Isomer

A

Isomers are compounds with the same formula, but each of them have a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule and different properties.

65
Q

Isotope

A

Isotopes of an element have the equal numbers of protons, but different numbers of neutrons. Different isotopes have different, but predictable stabilities. Radioactive isotopes’ nuclei decay at predictable rates (unique for each isotope) and give off energy and atomic particles.

66
Q

Oxidize

A

To remove one or more electrons from an atom, ion, or molecule

67
Q

Pangaea

A

The supercontinent from about 250 million years ago where all of the landmasses were joined. Pangaea did not start to break apart until about 180 million years ago.

68
Q

Plate tectonics

A

Movement of large plates of Earth’s crust due to activity at spreading centers and subduction zones.

69
Q

Prokaryote

A

Any of the typically unicellular microorganisms that lack a distinct nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

70
Q

Radiocarbon dating (carbon-14 dating)

A

A common radiometric dating using carbon-14 (C14).

71
Q

Radiometric dating

A

A type of absolute dating process in which several elements with radioactive isotopes that decay at known rates are used to date various rocks including those containing fossils.

72
Q

Reduction

A

A chemical reaction that involves the gaining of electrons and therefore lowering the oxidation state of the element that gains electrons.

73
Q

Sedimentary rock

A

Sedimentary rock is formed by layers of minerals that settle out of water build up and packed over time and is the best source of fossils. Each stratum, or layer, of sedimentary rock represents a particular period in Earth’s history and is characterized by a collection of fossils of organisms that lived at that time.

74
Q

Archaea

A

One of three major domains that contains more simple cells (prokaryotes). Archaea have introns in some of their genes and unique lipids in their cell membrane, but not peptidoglycan.

75
Q

Bacillus (pl. bacilli)

A

Prokaryote cells in rod shape.

76
Q

Binary fission

A

A type of asexual reproduction cell division in which a prokaryotic chromosome replicates and the mother cell pinches in half to form two new daughter cells.

77
Q

Coccus (pl. cocci)

A

Prokaryote cells in spherical shape.

78
Q

Conjugation

A

A way that genetic material can be moved between bacteria via direct transfer of genetic material between two living prokaryotic cells physically joined together.

79
Q

Eukarya

A

One of three major domains that contains complex cells with a nucleus and an array of organelles that perform different functions within the cell (eukaryotes).

80
Q

Eukaryote

A

An organism with membrane-bound nuclei and organelles.

81
Q

Exon

A

A a segment of a DNA or RNA molecule containing information that codes for a protein or peptide sequence.

82
Q

Extremophile

A

Organisms that live in extreme environments (e.g., hot springs, salt ponds, arctic ice, deep oil wells, acidic ponds that form near mines, and hydrothermal vents).

83
Q

F factor

A

Fertility factor plasmid. When a cell has F factor plasmid, it is said to be F+ and is “contagious” (via conjugation) and also heritable (via conjugation).

84
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

the movement of genetic material between members of a population (as distinguished from vertical gene transfer which is the transfer of genetic material between generations).

85
Q

Intron

A

Intervening or non-coding sequences of DNA that are found in some archaea genes and the genes of eukaryotes.

86
Q

LUCA

A

Last Universal Common Ancestor

87
Q

Nucleoid

A

A region in prokaryote cells that contains all or most of the genetic material.

88
Q

Pathogenic

A

Harmful and causing disease.

89
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

A polymer of sugars and amino acids that is unique to the bacteria.

90
Q

Phage

A

Virus that infects bacteria functions.

91
Q

Pilus (pl. pili)

A

An appendage used by a “male” bacteria to directly transfer genetic material to a “female” bacteria during conjugation.

92
Q

Plasmid

A

A small ring of ring of extrachromosomal DNA often found in prokaryotes and a a few eukaryotes.

93
Q

Prokaryote

A

An organism without membrane-bound nuclei. Some prokaryotes have very elaborate internal membranes. They generally have less subcellular specialization and smaller in size than eukaryotes.

94
Q

Spirillum (pl. spirilla)

A

Prokaryote cells in helical shape.

95
Q

Transduction

A

A way that genetic material can be moved between bacteria via bacteriophages infecting bacteria.

96
Q

Transformation

A

A way that genetic material can be moved between bacteria via acquisition of foreign DNA from surrounding environment.

97
Q

Bioremediation

A

A process of using various species of bacteria for the removal of toxins form the environment.

98
Q

Capsule

A

Many bacteria have an additional layer outside the cell wall that is made of sticky substances made and secreted by bacteria. Capsules not only help bacteria adhere to surfaces or to each other but also provide an additional layer of protection to the encapsulated organism.

99
Q

Cell wall

A

A wall like cellular structure involved in maintaining cell shape and protection. Different organisms have different cell wall compositions and structures.

100
Q

Chemoautotroph

A

An organism that can obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic substances and needs only carbon dioxide as a carbon source.

101
Q

Chemoheterotroph

A

An organism that obtains energy and carbon from ingesting organic molecules.

102
Q

Endospore

A

A thickly coated, resistant cell that can be formed within some bacteria under harsh conditions for survival.

103
Q

Endotoxin

A

A toxic component of the outer membrane of certain gram-negative bacteria that is released only when the bacteria die.

104
Q

Exotoxin

A

A toxic protein that is secreted by a prokaryote or other pathogen and that produces specific symptoms, even if the pathogen is no longer present.

105
Q

Gram-positive

A

Bacteria with less complex cell walls that contain a lot of peptidoglycan.

106
Q

Gram-negative

A

Bacteria with more complex cell walls that contain less peptidoglycan. Gram-negative bacteria have an additional outer cell membrane with lipopolysaccharides, and the presence of this membrane renders a gram-negative bacterial infection be generally far more severe than a gram-positive infection.

107
Q

Gram’s stain

A

A staining technique used to analyze the amount of peptidoglycan in the cell walls of the unknown bacteria.

108
Q

Lipopolysaccharide

A

Molecules attached to an additional outer membrane unique to the gram-negative bacteria. Some lipopolysaccharides are toxic and counteract the natural defenses of the host organisms.

109
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

A polymer of sugars and amino acids that is unique to the bacteria.

110
Q

Photoautotroph

A

An organism that harnesses light energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide.

111
Q

Photoheterotroph

A

An organism that uses light to generate ATP but must obtain carbon in organic form.

112
Q

Plasma membrane

A

A selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer membrane that encase the cell.

113
Q

Sporulation

A

The formation of endospores.

114
Q

Taxis

A

An oriented movement toward or away from a stimulus.

115
Q

Symbiosis

A

The state of any two species having an extended and intimate association

116
Q

Host

A

the larger of two species

117
Q

microsymbiont

A

the smaller of the two species

118
Q

mutualism

A

derive mutual benefit from the association

119
Q

Parasitism

A

one member of the symbiosis derives benefit at the expense of the other

120
Q

commensalism

A

re neither of benefit nor harm to both species

121
Q

opportunistic infection

A

where a normally commensalistic bacteria becomes pathogenic in response to a changed environment (usually a weakened immune system).

122
Q

Exotoxins

A

proteins secreted by prokaryotes

123
Q

Endotoxins

A

surface protein components of the outer cell membrane in some gram-negative bacteria

124
Q

microbiome

A

small area for organisms to thrive. Each person had about 1000 different strains of bacteria living on or in their bodies

125
Q

Nitrogen Fixation

A

Nitrogen can only be transformed into a biologically usable state (i.e., “fixed”) by certain nitrogen-fixing bacteria

126
Q

nitrogen cycle

A

essential for all life on the planet.

127
Q

nodule formation

A

Once bacteria reach the root, a developmental change is induced in the root

128
Q

anaerobic

A

don’t require oxygen

129
Q

aerobic

A

require oxygen

130
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

require oxygen

131
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

no need for oxygen. May even be poisoned by oxygen.

132
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Alternate their oxygen requirement. They can use oxygen if it is present, but they can also function in an anaerobic environment.

Biology 110 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions