Exam 5 New Material

Question 1

Blastula

Answer 1

hollow mass of cells

Question 2

Blastoderm

Answer 2

Actual layer of cells, enclosing the blastocoel

Question 3

Blastocoel

Answer 3

Fluid filled central cavity

Question 4

Gastrula

Answer 4

surface cells move inward to form this

cells begin to differentiate

Question 5

The ten phyla are broken down under 4 categories

Answer 5

No tissue vs. true tissue (1)
Radial symmetry vs. bilateral symmetry (2)
body cavity type (3,4,5)
protostome vs deuterostome (6,7,8,9,10)

Question 6

Parazoa vs Eumetazoa

Answer 6

Tissue: A group of cells functioning together with specialized functions
Lack symmetry
1. Porifera (Sponges)
Parazoa: lack tissue
Eumetazoa: true tissue

Question 7

Radial Symmetry

Answer 7

diploblast
have endoderm (lining of the digestive tract) and ectoderm (the outer covering)
2. Cnideria (jellyfish)

Question 8

Bilateral Symmetry

Answer 8

triploblast
have endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm (muscles and most organs)
cephalization (concentration of nerves)

Question 9

Coelom

Answer 9

fluid lined body cavity that separates the gut from the outer body wall, protects organs

Question 10

Acoelomates

Answer 10

Do not have a coelom
FLATWORMS
3. Platyhelminthes

Question 11

Coelomates

Answer 11

have a coelom

ANNELIDS

Question 12

Pseudocoelomates

Answer 12

Combination of both
NEMATODES
4. Rotifera (rotifers)
5. Nematoda (roundworms)

Question 13

Protostomes

Answer 13

mouth developed first
spiral
determinate cleavage (fate is determined)
6. Mollusks
7. Annelids
8. Arthropods

Question 14

Deuterostomes

Answer 14

anus developed first
radial 
indeterminate (totipotent)- develop into anything
9. Echinoderms
10. Chordates

Question 15

Protostome Coelomates

Answer 15

last 5 groups

Coelomate has the body cavity surrounded by tissue

Question 16

Molluska

Answer 16

snails, octopuses, clams, sea slugs
muscular foot (movement), visceral mass (housing organs) and mantle (tissue layer)

Question 17

Annelida

Answer 17

earthworms, leeches
begin to see segmentation
earthworms aerate soil and add nutrients

Question 18

Arthropoda

Answer 18

most successful
insects, spiders, crustaceans 
exoskeleton made of chitin
- limits molting
true body segmentation
jointed appendages

Question 19

Echinoderms

Answer 19

deuterstome coelomates
star fish, sea cucumbers, sea urchins
radial symmetry as an adult
bilateral symmetry at larval stage
tube feet- suction cup appendages
water vascular system

Question 20

Cordata

Answer 20

fish, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians
Have:
Bilateral symmetry
Internal skeleton
Pharyngeal slits
Dorsal, hollow nerve chord
Notochord
Ventral heart
Tail

Question 21

3 subphyla of Chordates

Answer 21

Urochordates
-Sea squirts
- lose chordate features as an adult
Cephalochordates
-paedogenesis (sexual maturity in the larval stage
-as an adult, they show all chordate characteristics
Vertebrates
-cranium, vertebral column, cephalization

Question 22

Agnathans

Answer 22

first types of fish

hagfish and lamprey

Question 23

Condrichthyes

Answer 23

sharks and rays

skeleton made of cartilage

Question 24

Osteichtyhes

Answer 24

skeleton made of bone

ray finned

Question 25

Amphibians

Answer 25

first land vertebrates Show: Limbs, Lungs, Live in moist areas and Internal fertilization

Question 26

Reptiles

Answer 26

turtles, snakes, lizards Amniotes (eggs) skin made of keratin Amniotic egg

Question 27

Birds

Answer 27

Arose from dinosaurs feathers made of keratin light, hollow bones reduced organs

Question 28

mammals

Answer 28

modified skeleton fur made of keratin mammary glands

Question 29

Monotremes

Answer 29

Lay eggs (platypus)

Question 30

Marsupials

Answer 30

pouch young (kangaroos)

Question 31

Eutherians

Answer 31

placental (monkeys, cats, elephants)

Question 32

Altricail

Answer 32

young is less developed

Question 33

Precocial

Answer 33

young is more developed

Question 34

Cellular Respiration

Answer 34

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, ETC (oxidative phosphorylation)

Question 35

NAD+ and FAD

Answer 35

oxidized form

Question 36

NADH and FADH2

Answer 36

reduced form

Question 37

Glycolysis

Answer 37

``` Glucose (6C) to pyruvate (2 3C) in the cytosol of all cells ADP becomes phosphorylated Goes in: 1 glucose, 2 ATP, 4 ADP, 2 NAD+ Comes out: 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 NADH Net: 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH ```

Question 38

O2 isn't present

Answer 38

goes to lactic acid fermentation Get NAD+ back Terminal electron acceptor: pyruvate

Question 39

O2 is present

Answer 39

regenerate NAD+ | Electron acceptor: O2

Question 40

Krebs

Answer 40

Pyruvate gets transferred to acetyl CoA Goes in: 1 acetyl CoA, 3 NAD+, 1 FAD, 1 ADP Comes out: 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP THIS PROCESS GOES AROUND TWICE

Question 41

Electron Transport Chain

Answer 41

``` NADH and FADH2 deliver high energy electrons NADH dehydrogenase: strips the electrons ATP Synthase: protein that transfers H+ Oxidative Phosphorylation NET gain, 34 atp ```

Question 42

Photsynthesis

Answer 42

Light energy converts to chemical energy

Question 43

Stroma

Answer 43

space in the middle

Question 44

Granum

Answer 44

each specific stack of disks

Question 45

Thylakoid Disks

Answer 45

stacks of disks

Question 46

Light reactions

Answer 46

1. Light hits Thykaloid 2. Water gets broken down goes to ETC to decrease energy (Photosystem 2) 3. Same process, but different pigmentation (Photosystem 1) NADP+ gets reduced to NADPH Overall gain: ATP, NADPH, O2

Question 47

Calvin cycle (Dark Reactions)

Answer 47

Goes in: ATP and NADPH | Comes out: Sugar, ADP, NADP+ and phosphate

Question 48

Fixation

Answer 48

CO2 attaches to one 5-carbon (RuBP) The enzyme rubisco helps CO2 enters through the stomata Creates an unstable molecule, so divides into 2 3C molecules

Question 49

Reduction

Answer 49

2 3C molecules are phosphorylated by ATP and reduced by NADPH BECOMES G3P Gets recycled to RuBP, but some G3P leaves to become glucose