Tutankhamun Flashcards
Identify 5 Egyptian gods and outline their role:
Aten:
- sun god, creator of life, sun disk
Osiris:
- god of the dead/afterlife
- green man, mummified
- resurrection and fertility
Amun:
- king/father of gods
- ram-headed god
- maybe combined with Ra
Isis:
- goddess of protection
- wisdom, health
- sun disk with cow horns
Horus:
- Pharoah is human version, eye of Horus
- sky god
- falcon head
Who changed the religion to what god?
Akhenaten changed from polytheistic relgion to monotheism worshipping Aten, sun god
Cities in Ancient Egypt time of Tutankhamun
Giza, Luxor, Aswan
What was the restoration stela?
- formal justification of changing back to a polytheistic religion
Why was the polytheistic religion restored?
- the religion was restored due to the unhappiness of the people, pressure from priests and citizens, chaos
new kingdom process of mummification
- elaborate procedure which lasted 70 days
- initial washing of the body: natron and water
- removal of the brain: through nose, eye socket
- removal of body organs: stomach, liver, intestines, lungs
- Heart was NOT REMOVED
- cavities filled
- mummification, bandaging of the body: layers of linen coated in resin, funerary jewellery, amulets, spells, priest read from book of the dead
- face mask: represent deceased as eternally young
funerary procession in New Kingdom Egypt
- after embalming is completed, corpse is paneled shrine, in bier (boat like structure)
- buried in tomb
- mourners, lector priest was assisted by sem priest
- lector would chant speels and prayers
importance of: amulet
- protection, regeneration and rebirth
- protective: gold, did not decompose
- regenerate: djed pillar, backbone of Osiris, wedjat eye, eye of horus,
- rebirth: scarab, rebirth and new life
importance of: ushabtis
- servants to help in the afterlife
- agricultural tasks
importance of: wall paintings
- depicted the funerary processions and burial practices
- North: arrival in afterlife, opening of mouth ceremony, tut’s ka and Osiris
- east: funeral procession, sledge, funeral headband and white clothing
- south: arrival to underworld, welcomed by hathor, anubis and isis
- west: funeral journey/rituals, twelve hours of the night, guarded by baboons,
Describe the layout of Tutankhamun’s tomb
- not common tomb of pharaoh
- small, passageway to largest room the antechamber, connected to annexe, burial chamber and treasury.
What was the Field of Reeds?
- blessed field similar to the delta region
- perfect life where harvest was of plenty
- nile always flooded,
What was the ba, ka and akh?
Ba: soul, bird with human head
ka: double, life force
akh: spiritual intelligence
Describe process of judgement before Osiris:
42 judges:
- 42 gods that deceased is to face
- all hold jurisdiction over particular sin
Negative confession:
- deceased would address each of gods, stating if they had/n’t committed a sin
Hall of Maat:
- after trial, Anubis jackal-headed god leads to Osiris in a shrine
Weighing of the heart:
- heart weighed against feather of truth
- symbol of Thoth
- if lighter than feather good
- if not devoured by Ammut (croc, hippo and lion)
Osiris:
- meet Osiris
- go into the Field of Reeds
importance of the Nile to the Ancient Egyptians
- dependance on its survival
- only source of fresh water
- for crops
- inundation, transport, food
Role of rebirth and resurrection:
- they did not live long
- cycle
- maintain peace and determines the religious values and morals within Ancient Egypt.
What tomb paintings and artefacts reveal about: beliefs of the afterlife
Antechamber:
- ka statues, black-skinned meaning rebirth
- allowing him chance into afterlife
Treasury:
- Boats represent for the celestial boat journey into afterlife
Annexe:
- 17 model boats used for hunting in afterlife, symbolism to traveling into underworld
What tomb paintings and artefacts reveal about: Burial practices
Treasury:
- Anubis shrine, materials belonging to rituals of mummification
Burial chamber:
- Tutankhamun’s mummy, containing abundance of regenerative and protective spells,
What tomb paintings and artefacts reveal about: funerary processions and rituals
Treasury:
- golden canopic shrine, embalmed organs
- canopic jars,
Burial chamber:
- golden coffin, spreading protective wings Nekhbet and Wadjit
- magical spells in heiroglyphics
What tomb paintings and artefacts reveal about: providing for the dead
Antechamber:
- food boxes with joints of meat
Treasury:
- granary
Annexe:
- 116 baskets of dried fruit and seeds
- 23 shabtis
Process of inundation
- flooding of the Nile provides fertile soil ideal for crops
- river deposits minerals and nutrients from more fertile lands
funeral ritual:
opening of the mouth ceremony:
- carried out by the oldest son of deceased
- wears leopard skin, sem-priest
- implements as chisel were used to touch face of deceased, enabled mouth to speak, eyes to see, ears to hear, nose to breathe.
- magically restore deceased powers for existence in afterlife, ignite senses and breathe life into ka
