Turning points 1: bacteria & archaea

Question 1

Name the characteristics of bacteria and archaea

Answer 1

Two of the three main domains of life (branches)
-collectively, referred to as prokaryotes
-Mostly unicellular (lack membrane bound nucleus)

Question 2

_________ are ancient, diverse, and abundant

Answer 2

Prokaryotes

Question 3

Bacteria and Archaea are distinguished by:

Answer 3

1) Types of molecules that make up the plasma membrane and cell walls.

2) Machinery used to transcribe DNA and translate RNA into proteins.

Question 4

what do prokaryotes enzymes do?

Answer 4

• These enzymes allow them to live in extreme environments and to use toxic (to eukaryotes) compounds for food

Question 5

Many of Prokaryotes are _____

Answer 5

extremophiles

Question 6

Phylogenies meaning

Answer 6

the history of the evolution of a species or group, especially in reference to lines of descent and relationships among broad groups of organisms.

Question 7

Prokaryotic phylogenies

Answer 7

• Traditionally, prokaryotes identified by enrichment cultures.
• Increasingly using DNA sequencing
• three domains of life based on Woese et al. (and others) based on variation in 16s rRNA molecule.

Question 8

metagenomics definition

Answer 8

A discipline that enables genomic study of uncultured microorganisms

Question 9

to survive all organisms must:

Answer 9

1) Acquire chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
2) Obtain carbon compounds that serve as building blocks for synthesis of cellular components. (fatty acids, DNA, RNA, proteins

Question 10

what are the 3 energy sources prokaryotes use to produce ATP?

Answer 10

Phototrophs
Chemoorganotrophs
Chemolithotrophs

Question 11

what do Phototrophs do?

Answer 11

• Use light energy to excite electrons.
• ATP produced by phosphorylation.

Question 12

What do Chemoorganotrophs do?

Answer 12

-Oxidize organic molecules with high potential energy (ex. Glucose)
-ATP is produced by cellular respiration or fermentation.

Question 13

What do chemolithotrophs do?

Answer 13

-Oxidizing inorganic molecules with relatively high Potential energy (ex. Ammonia, hydrogen sulfide)
-ATP produced by cellular respiration.

Question 14

Prokaryotes obtain carbon compounds in two ways:

Answer 14

Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

Question 15

what do autotrophs do?

Answer 15

-Synthesize building-block compounds from simple starting materials (ex. C02, methanol)

Question 16

What do Heterotrophs do?

Answer 16

• Absorb building block compounds from the environment

Question 17

which domains include prokaryotes?

Answer 17

Archaea and Bacteria

These two domains consist entirely of prokaryotic organisms.

Question 18

Archaea and ____ are more closely related to each other than to _____

Answer 18

Archaea and Eukarya are more closely related to each other than to Bacteria