Phylogeny Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Systematics

A

the study of the diversity of life

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2
Q

Microevolution

A

Changes in allele frequencies overtime

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3
Q

Speciation

A

Origin of new species

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4
Q

Macroevolution

A

Evolution of deeper groups (genus, family, class, order, etc.)

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5
Q

what is a node

A

a node represents a point where a branch splits = most recent (hypothetical) ancestor = speciation event

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6
Q

What is a “outgroup”

A

taxon that diverged before the taxa that are the focus of the phylogeny; helps to root the tree

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7
Q

what is “Polytomy”

A

a node that diverges into three or more branches, usually means not enough data to determine which taxa are most closely related

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8
Q

What are sister groups?

A

closely related taxa that share a recent common ancestor

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9
Q

to examine/measure a variety of traits in lots of taxa then calculate some measure of overall similarity among taxa based on those traits is called?

A

phenetics

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10
Q

to reconstruct evolutionary relationships by examining only certain traits – those assumed to be similar due to shared ancestry is called?

A

Cladistics

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11
Q

In cladistics, phylogenetic trees are also called ____

A

Cladogram

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12
Q

___ = monophyletic group = group of organisms that include common ancestor and all descendants

A

Clades

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13
Q

What are shared ancestral traits called?

A

Sympleisiomorphies

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14
Q

What are derived traits called?

A

Synapomorphies

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15
Q

Principle of Parsimony. definition.

A

simpler explanations/solutions are more likely to be true than complex ones.

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16
Q

how can er distinguish homology from analogy?

A

look at 3 things; position, development, compostition