Turn of the Century and WW1 Flashcards
What types of history are there?
Political History, Social History, Military History
2 types of historical evidence
Primary evidence, Secondary evidence
What is primary evidence?
Directly from the time period. Often “eye witness” accounts of history.
Eg. Diaries, photos, music, film footage, etc.
What is secondary evidence?
Produced after the event(often by historians)
Eg. Textbooks, books, movies, etc.
When was the turn of the century?
1896-1914
What is the difference between provinces and territories during the turn of the century and now?
Only 7 provinces, one territory and several districts.
Alberta and Saskatchewan didn’t exist
NF was a British colony.
Economy during the turn of the century?
Mostly primary
Eg. Farming, fishing, etc.
Some manufacturing in eastern Canada(especially railroads)
Politics and government during the turn of the century?
Parliamentary democracy.
2 main parties (liberals and conservatives)
Prime minister was Liberal Wilfrid Laurier
How long was Wilfrid Laurier prime minister for?
1896-1911 (15 years)
Aboriginal rights during the turn of the century?
- Forced to live on reserves
- Forced to go to residential white schools
- Could not vote
- Government wanted to assimilate them
Immigration during the turn of the century?
- Racist
- Non whites and non Christians were denied entry or taxed heavily
Women’s rights during the turn of the century? What are the women who wanted the right to vote called?
- No legal rights
- Could not vote
- Not considered legal “persons”
- Women who argued for the vote were called suffragettes
Technology during the turn of the century
Electricity, cars, telephone and radio
French English relations during the turn of the century
French Canadians were demanding more rights.
French and English Canadians disagreed on most issues
Entertainment during the turn of the century
Playing piano, going to plays and dances.
Fashion during the TOC
Very formal, little skin was shown, hats were common
Education during the TOC
Compulsory for children until the age of 12
Foreign relations during the TOC
Foreign policy was controlled by Britain. Canada would wait for Britain to make a decision then follow.
Sports during the TOC
Only rich Canadians played sports like hockey, football or curling
What big events happened during the TOC?
The Boer War, The Alaskan Boundary Dispute, The Naval Crisis, Reciprocity Debate
When did the Boer War happen?
1899-1902(3 years)
Where did the Boer War happen?
South Africa
Who was involved in the Boer War?
Britain, Canada, Boers(Dutch South Africans)
Why did the Boer War happen?
Britain and the Boers were fighting over gold and resources
What happened during the Boer War?
Britain and Boers both wanted control over South Africa
Britain wanted Canada’s help
Laurier compromised and sent a volunteer force.
French and English Canadians are both unhappy.
Britain defeats the Boers
Why is the Boer War significant?
- Shows that it can act independently
- Laurier’s ability to compromise
- Division between English and French Canadians
- Canada’s first foreign war
When did The Alaskan Boundary Dispute happen?
1897-1903(6 years)
Who was involved in The Alaskan Boundary Dispute?
Britain, USA, Canada
Where did The Alaskan Boundary Dispute happen
Alaskan Panhandle
What caused The Alaskan Boundary Dispute?
A dispute over who owned the land
Why did The Alaskan Boundary Dispute happen
Gold was discovered in the Yukon, USA wanted control over the area
How did The Alaskan Boundary Dispute end? Who was the British dude?
A tribunal was held and the British lord Alverstone sided with the USA. USA got the land
Why is The Alaskan Boundary Dispute significant?
- Many Canadians felt angry and betrayed.
- Canada starts to demand control over foreign policy
- USA was a big threat to Canada
- Canada starts asserting more control over own affairs
When did The Naval Crisis happen
1910
Who was involved in The Naval Crisis?
Britain, Canada
Where did The Naval Crisis happen?
Canada
Why did The Naval Crisis happen?
A dispute over support for Britain and their empire
What started The Naval Crisis
Britain wanted Canada to pay for more ships to compete with the threat of a German navy
How did The Naval Crisis end?
Laurier instead decided to buy old British ships to create a Canadian navy that would come to help Britain.
Why was The Naval Crisis significant?
Creation of Canada’s navy
French and English Canadians were divided
Laurier is a skilled compromiser
When did The Reciprocity Debate happen?
1910-1911
Who was involved in The Reciprocity Debate?
Canada and USA
Where did The Reciprocity Debate happen?
Canada and USA
Why did The Reciprocity Debate happen?
Laurier wanted free trade with USA. His opponents were against this.
What happened during The Reciprocity Debate?
Debate about free trade. In the 1911 election, Laurier lost and free trade was defeated.
When did free trade happen?
1988(77 years later)
Why is The Reciprocity Debate significant?
Laurier loses the election.
Free trade doesn’t happen until 77 years later
What were the top 3 origin countries for new immigrants?
Britain, USA, Galicia
What were Wilfrid Laurier’s 2 goals of the immigration policy?
Fill empty prairies to prevent American expansion
Provide a new workforce for Canada’s growing industry in Central Canada (Ontario and Quebec)
Immigration Push factors
- poor economic conditions in Europe
- High unemployment
- Rigid social order(Hard to be successful)
- Overcrowded
- Religious and Political discrimination
Immigrant pull factors
- Free land ownership(160 acres)
- religious freedom and political stability
- social order was not as harsh
Who is Clifford Sifton?
Became Canada’s liberal minister in charge of immigration in 1896.
Created a successful “open door policy” that helped settle the prairies
