History exam 2 Flashcards
How many provinces and territories was Canada during the TOC?
7 provinces 1 territory and several districts.
Alberta and Saskatchewan did not exist
Newfoundland was a British colony
How was Canada’s economy during the TOC?
Mostly primary (farming, fishing, etc.)
There was some manufacturing in Eastern Canada(esp railroads)
What was Canada’s government like during the TOC?
Parliamentary democracy with 2 main parties(Liberals and Conservatives)
When was Laurier PM?
1896-1911
(15 years)
How were aboriginal rights during the TOC?
Natives in Canada were forced to live on reserves, go to residential white schools and could not vote. The government wanted to assimilate them.
How was immigration during the TOC?
Racist. Non whites and non Christians were denied entry or taxed heavily.
How were womens rights during the TOC?
Women in 1900 had no legal rights. Could not vote and were not considered legal “persons”. Women who argued for the vote (suffrage) were called “Suffragettes”.
What was some new technology during the TOC?
electricity, cars, the telephone and the radio.
French and English relations during the TOC?
In 1900 the French in Canada were demanding more rights. French and English disagreed on most issues.
What was the entertainment during the TOC?
There was no TV or movies at this time. Families entertained themselves by playing piano, going to plays and dances.
How was fashion during the TOC?
Fashion was very formal in 1900, little skin was shown. Hats were very common.
Education during the TOC?
Education in 1900 was compulsory for children but only till the age of 12.
Foreign relations during the TOC?
Canada’s foreign policy was controlled by Britain at this time. Usually Canada waited for Britain to make a decision and followed the lead.
Sports during the TOC
Sports participation was not widespread in 1900. Richer Canadians played hockey, football and curling.
Who was involved in the Boer war?
British, Canada, Boers (Dutch South Africans)
Where did the Boer war take place?
South Africa
When did the Boer war take place
1899-1902
Why did the Boer war start?
A fight over gold and resources
What happened during the Boer war?
A war between Britain and the Boers over control of South Africa. Britain wanted Canada to send troops to help. Laurier compromised and sent a volunteer force to fight. French Canadians are angry (don’t want to support Britain), British Canadians are angry because they have let down empire. Eventually the British defeated the Boers.
Significance of the Boer war
- Canada showed it could act independently in foreign policy.
- Shows Laurier’s ability to compromise between French and English in Canada.
- Shows a deep division between English and French Canadians.
- Canada’s first foreign war.
Who was involved in The Alaskan Boundary Dispute
Britain, US, Canada
When did The Alaskan Boundary Dispute happen
1897-1903
Where did The Alaskan Boundary Dispute happen
Alaskan Panhandle
What was The Alaskan Boundary Dispute about
A dispute over who owned the land
Why did The Alaskan Boundary Dispute happen
Gold was discovered in the Yukon, USA wanted control over this area to control access.
How did the Alaskan Boundary dispute end?
A tribunal was held and the British lord Alverstone sided with the USA. USA got the land
Significance of the Alaskan boundary dispute
- Many Canadians were angry and felt betrayed by Britain. Canada started to demand control over foreign policy.
- Shows that the USA was a big threat to Canada at this point in history.
- Canada starts to assert more control over its affairs.
Who was involved in the Naval Crisis
Britain and Canada
When did the Naval Crisis happen
1910
Why did the Naval crisis happen?
A dispute over support for Britain and their empire
What happened during the Naval crisis
Britain wanted Canada to pay for more ships for the British navy so it could compete with the threat of a German navy in Europe.
How did the Naval crisis end?
How? Laurier says no, but buys old British ships and creates a new Canadian navy that will help Britain in any future war.
Significance of the Naval Crisis
- Creation of a Canadian navy shows that Canada is independent.
- Once again, French were against support of Britain, English Canada was in favor. Divided country.
- Laurier was shown as a skilled compromiser.
Who was involved in the Reciprocity Debate?
Canada and the US
Where did the Reciprocity Debate happen?
Canada and the US
When did the Reciprocity Debate happen?
1910-1911
Why did the Reciprocity Debate happen
Laurier wanted free trade with the USA for Canadian products and natural resources. His opponents were against this.
What was the Reciprocity Debate about
A debate about free trade
(trade without tariffs).
How did the Reciprocity Debate end
In the 1911 election, Laurier lost and free trade was defeated. Free trade didn’t happen until 1988.
Significance of the Reciprocity Debate?
- Laurier loses election and is out as PM.
- Reciprocity is defeated and free trade doesn’t happen with USA for another 77 years.
What was Laurier’s immigration policy’s 2 goals
- Fill the empty prairies with immigrants to prevent American expansion
- Provide a new workforce for Canada’s growing industrial sector in central Canada
Immigration push factors
Poor economic conditions
High unemployment, lack of opportunity
Rigid social order in Europe (hard to be successful).
Religious, political discrimination.
Overcrowding
Immigration pull factors
Free land(160 acres)
Lots of jobs
Religious freedom and political stability
Social order in Canada was not as harsh as Europe
Open door policy
racist and discriminatory based on religion
only wanted english speaking immigrants
eventually allowed non english speaking immigrants
2 million people arrived
in 1910 the immigration act changed to english speaking immigrants
created the new provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan
What, according to the Premier of Manitoba, made women unsuitable to vote in elections?
They were emotional and would be a menace rather than an aid.
What was the goal of the Woman’s temperance movement?
Their goal was to make prohibition laws banning the sale of alcohol and to allow women to vote.
What province was the first to give women the vote?
The province that was first to give women the ability to vote was Manitoba
What group in Canada put pressure on Laurier in favour of free trade (reciprocity)?
The group in Canada that put pressure on Laurier were farmers.
Who from Laurier’s own party turned against him in the free trade debate?
Clifford Sifton is the person from Laurier’s own party who turned against him in the free trade debate
Who became Prime minister in 1911?
Robert Borden became the Prime minister in 1911
Militarism
The belief that your armed forces can solve all of your country’s issues or problems.
Militarism in WW1
Britain and Germany were in an arms race to see who had the best military.
What is an Alliance system
A system of mutual protection between countries to defend/attack other countries.
Alliance system in WW1
Triple Alliance (Germany, AH, Italy) VS Triple Entente (Britain, France and Russia)
Imperialism
The gaining of control by one country over another country’s territory, economy, government and resources. Building an empire.
Imperialism in WW1
Britain, France had huge empires. Germany wanted a bigger empire.
Nationalism
The belief that your country’s culture, religion, language, way of life was superior to other countries.
Nationalism in WW1
Each country in Europe wanted to show its superiority to others. War was the best way to do it.
What does MAIN stand for?
Militarism
Alliances
Imperialism
Nationalism
British militarism?
They were increasing their armed forces and navy.
Dreadnoughts were a new class of battleship for the British Navy. Britain tried to pressure Canada to donate to this new navy in 1910 but Laurier faced great opposition. He compromised and brought some old and obsolete British ships and created the Canadian Navy. Laurier critics called it a tin pot navy
Where did the assassination take place
Bosnia Herzegovina(Sarajevo)
When was the assassination ww1
June 1914
Who was involved in the assassination
Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the black hand terrorist group
Gavrillo Princip (the assassin)
What happened after the assassination?
AH was furious and demanded justice from Serbia. They sent an ultimatum to Serbia with a list of almost impossible demands. Serbia could not meet all of them and AH declared war. The Serbs were supported by their Slavic allies Russia and war began all over Europe.
Leader of Germany
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Leader of Austria Hungary
Emperor Franz Joseph I
Leader of Russia
Czar Nicholas II
Leader of Britain
PM H.H. Asquith
Leader of France
President Raymond Poincare
Leader of Ottoman Empire
Sultan Mehmed V Ottoman
Leader of Canada during WW1
PM Robert Borden
Leader of US
President Woodrow Wilson
When was WW1 declared
August 1914
Where were the 2 fronts fought?
Western - Belgium and France
Eastern - Russia and Eastern Europe
What was The Schlieffen Plan
Plan to knock France out of the war to avoid a 2 front war.
Germany army would sweep through Belgium(a neutral country)
Germans fought the Belgians wouldnt resist and that Britain (allies) wouldn’t defend them.
What happened during the Schlieffen Plan?
Germans were held up by the Belgian army which gave Britain time to rush their army to support the Belgians and delay the Germans. In the east, the Russians organized their army faster than expected and invaded Germany which forced Germany to commit men to the eastern front.
What is the zone between opposing sides?
no mans land, dead zone
Trench tactics
Begin with heavy barrage from artillery fire then a wave of men would go over the top across no mans land and try to take enemy trenches
What made trench warfare difficult
Tactics were outdated
Generals did not care about how many might die and didnt understand the new tech like machine guns
Hard to assess if the artillery had been effective(very little reconnaissance) so generals had to guess their situation
Rainy weather prevented easy movement of troops
What was the Canadian military force called?
CEF Canadian Expeditionary Forcee
Sam Hughes?
Minister of Militia who hated French Canadians
Organized the training of the CEF at Valcartier
Insisted that Canadian soldiers used Ross Rifles
Where was the CEF shipped for better training?
Salisbury England
What does attrition mean?
A fight where both sides fought till one was worn down and collapsed
What did soldiers in the trenches suffer from?
Terrible conditions and experienced severe stress from repeated bombardments.
This was named shell shock
What were the German submarines called?
U-Boats
What did a German U-Boat do?
Sunk the British passenger ship called Lusitania in 1915 killing many Americans
One of the reasons why US entered WW1
What happened in the battle of Tannenberg?
1914
Germans had trouble with Russia then quickly crushed them
What did the Ottoman Turks do to Russia?
entered the war on the German side and blockaded Russian access to the Mediterranean
What was the Gallopoli campaign?
Eastern Mediterranean
France and Britain(with Australia and New Zealand) campaign to knock Turkey out of the war and help Russia
All the attacks were a disaster and met by fierce Turkish defense on the coastline.
It was a costly failure
What was the Alpine war?
1915
Italy switched sides and began an alpine war with Austria over disputed territory. It was fought in the Alps mountains and one of the pointless areas of WW1 and neither side gained territory
What are expert pilots called
Aces
Who was the German ace?
Manfred Von Richthofen aka Red Baron
80 kills
Who was the Canadian ace
Billy Bishop
72 kills
What are dogfights
fights in the skies because they surround eachother
I hate dogfights its such a dumb name
Russia pulling out of WW1?
Pulled out in 1917 after Russian Revolution
Czar was forced out of power and provisional government was set but later the communists seized power.
They murdered the royal family and ended the Russian monarchy to create communist state
Who was the first communist leader of the USSR
Vladmir Lenin
What was Germany’s last offensive to win WW1?
Spring 1918
Germans came 70km of Paris but ran out of resources
When did the US join WW1?
Spring of 1918
When did the 100 days take place
August-November 1918
What was the 100 days
When the CEF made major gains against Germans in France and Belgium
Canada won victories at Amiens and smashed through the German defensive Hidenburg line
Finished in the town of Mons where the first battles were fought
When did Germany sign an armistice in WW1?
November 11 1918
Where was the battle of Ypres
Belgium
When was the battle of Ypres
April 1915
What happened in the battle of Ypres
Germans attacked British and Canadian soldiers using chlorine gas. It killed many soldiers and when they fled they left a huge hole in the British line. Canadians used urine soaked rags to stop gas inhalation and repelled the German attack. Ends in a stalemate but many Canadian casualties.
When was the somme
July 1916
Where was the somme
France
What happened in the Somme
British army(NFL regiment) attacks Germany in the Somme
It was supposed to lead to a breakthrough against Germany. The British blew up a mine then attacked the German trenches. The Germans regrouped and massacred the attacking forces. It was a huge defeat for the British and wiped out the NFL as a fighting force
When was Vimy Ridge
April 1917
Where was Vimy Ridge
France
What happened in Vimy Ridge
Canadian operation to take the high ground of Vimy Ridge. All Canadians fought together under Canadian general Arthur Currie
They built a railway system for supplies, calibrated their artillery to fire accurately, used a creeping barrage(aka The Vimy Glide). Canada took over the ridge.
Huge victory for Canada but many causalities. Source of pride for Canada
When was Hill 70
August 1917
Where was Hill 70
France
What happened in Hill 70
Canadians were making a distraction by attacking the German forces near Lens so the British could attack Ypres
Huge victory for Canada
6 Canadians received Victoria Crosses
Many casualties
When was Passchendaele
October/November 1917
Where was Passchendaele
Belgium
What happened in Passchendaele`
Britain wanted Canada to attack Passchendaele. The battlefield was a muddy swamp. After much difficulty they took the town.
Another victory but many many casualties. The victory was useless as Britain withdrew their troops a few weeks later.
Why were tin helmets invented in WW1?
Tin helmets were invented in WW1 to protect soldiers’ heads from shrapnel.
Who used gas first in WW1? When?
Germans used gas first on October 27, 1914.
How did a soldier know that he had lice?
The lice would leave blotchy red bite marks all over their bodies.
How did the army try to solve the lice problem? Was it effective?
The army would light candles to burn the lice which was effective but it was hard to avoid burning the clothes as well. They would also put the soldiers’ clothes through delousing machines while they took baths but it was not very effective since the eggs would still be on their clothes.
Besides irritation, what other problem did the lice cause?
The lice also caused disease to spread through the armies. It was known as pyrrexhia or trench fever. It would give you shooting pains in your shins and then a very high fever.
What attracted the rats to the trenches? Why were there so many of them?
The decomposing corpses and food scraps were what brought the rats to the trenches. There were so many of them because one pair of rats can produce 880 offspring in only 1 year.
What part of the dead body would the rats eat first?
The rats would eat the eyes first.
How big could the rats grow?
The rats could grow nearly as big as cats.
What caused Trench foot? How did soldiers try to avoid this problem?
Walking through wet places in the cold caused Trench foot. Soldiers tried to avoid this problem by rubbing their feet in whale oil every 24 hours.
What kind of meat was bully beef? Why was the bread always stale?
Bully beef was canned corned beef. The bread was always stale because it would take around 8 days for it to get to the front lines
Why was there a decline in voluntary enlistments as the war progressed? How did Prime Minister Robert Borden try and solve this problem? What effect did this have on the country?
WW1
1/6 of Canadian men have already joined and it wasnt safe.
Robert Borden tried to make conscription mandatory for men between ages 20-45 to do military service
Almost half Canadians were opposed and people started riots and were divided
What were 3 ways that women contributed to the war effort in Canada?
3 ways that women contributed to the war efforts in Canada was by working in police forces, machine jobs, shipyards, etc.
Textile factories, nurses/hospitals, farming
How were the new working women discriminated against?
They were paid less than men. The employers did not provide childcare for working mothers and separate toilets for women.
What was the major issue of the 1917 election? How did Robert Borden ensure that he would win re-election?
Borden allows women who have relatives in the army nurses in ww1 to vote.
What caused the Halifax explosion of 1917? What were the effects on the city?
2 ships colliding caused the Halifax explosion of 1917. The explosion left 2,000 dead, 9,000 injured and much more. It destroyed a large part of Halifax.
What were two major ways that the Canadian government paid for the WW1 war effort?
Two major ways that the Canadian government paid for the WW1 war effort was by selling victory bonds and to borrow money and let future generations of Canadians help pay the loan.
and income tax
Which army had the Germans carefully avoided attacking in WW1 before 1918?
The Germans carefully avoided attacking the Canadian Corps in WW1 before 1918.
What 2 other nations fought with Canada at Amiens?
The Australians and French fought with Canada at Amiens
What was a “blighty” wound?
A blighty wound is a wound that takes them out of the war but is not deadly or permanently crippling.
What was the Hindenburg line?
The Hidenburg line is Germany’s most formidable defense system/line.
What city was the pivot of the German supply system in France?
Cambrai was the pivot of the German supply system in France.
What didn’t the Canadians have that made their attack on Cambrai difficult?
The Canadians didn’t have the proper information on the city like maps and artillery which made their attack on Cambrai difficult.
What did the Germans do to Cambrai before they abandoned it?
The Germans destroyed and torched Cambrai before they abandoned it.
What were 2 examples of the Germans terrible treatment of the Belgians?
The Germans destroyed and uprooted villages, forced many people into slave labor, executed many people, some examples of the Germans terrible treatment of the Belgians.
Where did Canada fight its last battle of the war?
Canada fought their last battle of the great war in the city of Mons.
How many Canadians died in total during WW1?
60,000 Canadians died in total during WW1.
List 4 major boundary changes resulting from the treaty of V:
5
Germany lost territory on its borders to France and Poland
The Austria-Hungary Empire was dissolved into smaller nations (Austria and Hungary, Czechoslovakia).
The creation of Yugoslavia (Montenegro and Serbia are gone).
The Ottoman Empire becomes Turkey.
The Russian Empire became the U.S.S.R. and had also lost land, dissolving into smaller Slavic nations on the Eastern Front. For example, Poland. and Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia ,Finland
List the new states created by the treaty of V:
8
Czechoslovakia
Turkey
Yugoslavia
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
Poland
USSR
Which countries appear to be the major losers? Treaty of V
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
Russia
List 6 terms of the Treaty of Versailles that Germany was forced to comply with.
Forced to pay reparations (war costs) to France, Belgium, Britain and Russia for damage done during the war
Surrender of all German overseas investments to the Allied Powers as well as surrendering rich coal mines in the Saar Basin and the province of Alsace-Lorraine to France.
Germany was denied a naval and air force, greatly reducing its military.
Ordered to acknowledge the independence of Austria and Czechoslovakia
Prohibited to join any alliance
Forced to accept sole blame for WW1
When was the Spanish Flu first recorded?
Where was the Spanish Flu first recorded?
Where were other cases reported?
March 11, 1918
Fort Riley, a military outpost in Kansas
Reports were noted in military camps all around the US
Who brought the Spanish flu to Europe?
American troops
Spain and the Spanish Flu
- When the flu hit Spain, the Spanish government quickly publicly announce the epidemic
- Spain was not part of WW1 so it didn’t have to censor their health reports
- Since most people heard about the flu attack on spain it was named the Spanish flu
First and Second wave of Spanish Flu deadliness?
First wave was contagious but second was both contagious and deadly
Where did the second wave of Spanish Flu hit?
3 ports
Boston (US), Brest (France), Freetowne (Sierra Leone)
What happened because of the second wave of Spanish Flu
Hospitals became overwhelmed
Tent hospitals were made on lawns
Nurses and doctors were high in demand bc most went to Europe to help in the war
Hospitals had to ask for volunteers
Third Wave of Spanish Flu
After the armistice, people took to the streets to give hugs, kisses and celebrate the end of the war starting the third wave
Not as deadly as the second but more than the first
Did not receive as much attention
What was one of the reasons that the workers went on strike in Winnipeg?
The workers went on strike because there were no jobs and the working conditions were bad.
How was the strike vote conducted? Why was this easy for the workers?
The strike was conducted by choosing a white marble to vote for yes and a black marble to vote for no. This was easy for the workers because it did not require them to speak english or read and was very simple.
What career were most of the anti strike forces?
Most of the anti strike forces were the city’s top lawyers.
Why did Police seize the subscription list of the labour newspapers?
Police seized the subscription list of the labor newspaper to intimidate the strikers and to know who was involved
Deported the strikers
Why do we not know how many people were injured in the strike?
We don’t know how many people were injured in the strike because many of the demonstrators were immigrants and were scared that if they went to the hospitals they would be identified as strikers and be punished or deported.
What were the main strike leaders charged with?
The main strike leaders were charged with plotting to overthrow the government.
When did the Winnipeg General Strike start
May 15 1919 at 11 am
How many people were on strike?
30,000
When did the government arrest the strike leaders?
June 17 1919
When did Bloody Saturday happen
Saturday June 21 1919
What happened on Bloody Saturday?
There was a mass meeting and march planned but Winnipeg Mayor Gray forbade the rally
Ex-soldiers protested by leading thousands of people down Main Street
Mounties started attacking them with clubs and firing pistols
The Federal government sent troops to patrol the streets with machine guns
How many people died in the riot? bloody saturday
2 people
When did the strike end?
A week after Bloody Saturday
What was Canada’s economy in the 1920s
Primary industry - World leader in farming, forestry, mining
Secondary - Many products made in Canada like cars and household goods
What caused the stock market crash
economy slowed down and growth stopped. People began to get worried and panic sold all their stocks
When did the stock market crash happen
October 29 1929
What were 3 social causes that women became involved in the early 20th century?
3 social causes that women became involved in were alcohol, poverty and child welfare.
What was the nickname given to the criminal sale of alcohol?
The nickname given to the criminal sale of alcohol was bootlegging.
What was one of the few lasting positive effects of prohibition on alcohol usage after it was ended?
One of the few lasting positive effects of prohibition on alcohol usage after it ended was that it made Canadians aware of alcohol abuse and alcohol consumption never reached the same levels of the late nineteenth century.
What position did Emily Murphy hold in 1916? Why was it technically illegal for her to hold that position?
Emily Murphy was the Judge of Juvenile Court in 1916. It was technically illegal for her to hold that position because only a qualified person could preside on the bench and only men were considered as persons.
What government legislation prevented women from becoming senators?
The government legislation that prevented women from becoming senators was the British North America Act.
Why did Murphy’s supporters argue that she would make an excellent senator?
Murphy’s supporters argued that she would make an excellent senator because she has worked for all kinds of people like immigrants, Aboriginal Canadians, children, etc. and because she wrote one of the first books on drug trade and it had an impact around the world.
Who were members of the “Alberta Five”?
Emily Murphy, Nellie McClung, Louise Mckinney, Irene Parlby and Henrietta Muir Edwards were known as the Alberta Five
Why did the Supreme court of Canada rule against them?
The Supreme court of Canada ruled against them saying they were not considered persons and because of the social conditions at the time of Confederation in 1867.
What legislative body did the Alberta Five send their appeal to? What did it rule in 1929 in regard to their case?
The Alberta Five sent their appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in England and in 1929, the council ruled that women were persons and that the exclusion of women from all public offices is a relic of days more barbarous than ours.
Who became the first woman senator?
Cairine Wilson became the first woman senator.
What did Agnes Macphail become the first women to do in 1921?
In 1921, Agnes Macphail became the first woman to be elected to Parliament.
What did Macphail accomplish later on in her career for women?
Macphail accomplished the first equal pay legislation in Canada in 1951.
When was the Chanak Crisis
1922
Where was the Chanak Crisis
Turkey
What was the Chanak Crisis about
Britain has troops in Chanak, Turkey after ww1 and the turks wanted them out. The british feared a new war so they asked Canada to send troops but Mackenzie King refused. Conservative Arthur Meighen was angry and wanted to support Britain. In the end, Britain withdrew troops and there were no fights.
When was the Balfour declaration
1926
What happened in the Balfour declaration
Britain held an Imperial conference where Balfour declared a new arrangement between Britain and colonies where the colonies were now a commonwealth of nations equal in status to britain
Who was the leader of Turkey
Kemal Ataturk
When was the King/Byng affair
1926
What happened in the King/Byng affair
King’s government was involved in a scandal where their cabinet minister(Jacques Bureau) was connected to illegal liquor smuggling. King wanted to call an election to divert attention but the governor general said no even though King thought he would just agree bc the position was mostly symbolic. Byng then invited the conservatives and Arthur Meighen to form a government. Their government failed within a few weeks and an election was called. King won and he changed the role of Governor General so he had less control over Canadian affairs and established the Canadian High Commission
When did the Statute of Westminster happen
1931
What happened in the Statute of Westminster
The British government passed the statute of westminster. It granted Canada and other commonwealth countries full control over their foreign policies. Canada can now sign treaties, go to war and make trade deals without British permission.
What was the nickname given to a “wonderful person in the 20s?
Bee’s Knees
What slang was used to describe being drunk?
splifficated, ossified
What Canadian discovered insulin to manage diabetes in 1923?
Frederick Banting.
What 3 things were prohibited for sale on Sundays in Ontario?
Liquor, cigars, newspaper
What province did prohibition last in until 1948?
Prince Edward Island.
What American city did “Rum Alley” lead to?
Detroit
What fishing treaty did Canada sign on its own with the USA in 1923?
Halibut Treaty
What were breweries and distilleries allowed to do with manufactured alcohol in Ontario?
Breweries and distilleries were allowed to manufacture alcohol to export it.
Who was the first millionaire mobster
Rocco Perri
Describe what a Speakeasy or Blind Pig was in the 1920s?
A Speakeasy or Blind Pig in the 1920s was a place that sold illegal booze.
How were Flappers that made them different from Victorian women?
They were free spirited, dressed provocative, bobbed haircuts and low cut dresses.
What city did Al Capone’s gang control?
Chicago
What was prohibition supposed to reduce?
Crime, poverty and death rates.
What was the Dunkin Act.
Allowed any county or municipality to prohibit the retail sale of liquor by majority vote. Province of Canada only. Passed in 1964
What was the temperance act
1878
a federal law passed in 1878 that gave local governments the option to prohibit the sale of alcohol.
Who is Emily Murphy
First female judge in Canada
Judge of Juvenile Court
She has done many years of public service in Canada for many people
When was Emily Murphy appointed Judge of the Juvenile Court
1916
When was Emily Murphy trying to become Canadian Senate
1921
What was one of the few lasting positive effects of prohibition on alcohol usage after it was ended?
It made Canadians aware of alcohol abuse and alcohol consumption never reached the same levels of the late nineteenth century.
When did they rule that women were persons too?
1929
What happened after WW1 economically?
Economic recession then Canada adjusted to the peacetime economy. By the mid 1920s, Canada had a economic boom
When was RB Benent prime minister?
1930-1935
When did the Depression start?
1929
What happpened in Bennet’s “ New Deal”
Bennet tried to copy the American president Roosevelt’s idea of a New Deal of government managed economy.
He puposed ideas of regulated hours of work, minimum wage, unemployment insurance
The new deal was to avoid a communist revolution
The new deal never happened and bennet was defeating by Mackenzie King in the 1935 election
When was the CCF created
Where was the CCF created
Who created the CCF Party
1932
Saskatchewan
JS. Woodsworth
What does CCF stand for
Cooperative Commonwealth Federation
What was the CCF about
First Socialist Party in Canada
Government should manage the economy and provide help for people
Wanted unemployment insurance, welfare and cheap necessities guaranteed for all
Influenced modern Canada greatly and led directly to the socialized benefits of Canada
Becomes the NDP in the future
What was the Union Nationale about
Very traditional and conservative(almost fascist)
Wanted control all aspects of life in Quebec
VERY anti-communist and anti union
Wanted to keep all English influence out of Quebec
Dominated Quebec as premier for more than 20 years
Used illegal tactics and corruption to control the province(threatening people and rigging the election)
Union Nationale
Who created it
Where was it created
When was it created
Maurice Duplessis
Quebec
1936
Social Credit party
Who
Where
When
William Aberhart
Alberta
1935
What was the Social Credit Party about
Conservative
the government would provide credits(vouchers) so people could buy products to restart the economy
Won the 1935 AB election
Became a dominant political force in western Canada for the next 50 years
No social credits were ever given out and the program was cancelled
When were relief camps made and used
Early 1930s
Who created the relief camps
RB Bennet’s government
Where were the relief camps
Out in the wilderness
What were relief camps about
To make single homeless unemployed men work and off the streets
They were paid 20 cents a day.
Did lots of manual labour
Bennet was scared that the unemployed men would launch a revolution
The men became radicalized and left the camps to join the On To Ottawa trek
When was the On To Ottawa Trek
1935
What happened on the On To Ottawa Trek
Men in the relief camps started in Vancouver and travelled by trains east to ottawa
Their goal was to meet with Bennet and tell him their demands
They got stoped at Regina
Led to the Regina riot
Regina riot was one of the main reasons why Bennet lost the election
Pressured the government to finally add reforms on wages and unemployment relief
What was the event that triggered the depression of the 1930’s?
Stock Market Crash in 1929.
Why were the 1930’s considered to be good times for people who had jobs?
The prices were very low and people who kept their jobs saw a slight increase in their living standard.
What was a car that was pulled by horses called
Bennet Buggy
What did JS. Woodsworth say the government was doing to unemployed immigrants in 1932?
The government was deporting them if they could not find work
What was the effect of “hoppers” on chickens in the prairies?
Grasshoopers would black out the sky and eat everything, and spoiled everything. Lead farmers unable to eat the eggs of chickens or the chickens itself.
What 3 groups were routinely denied jobs in Winnipeg in the 1930’s?
Ukranians, Poles and Jews
What minimum wage were the “on to Ottawa” trekkers demanding?
50 cents an hour
What did the term “riding the rods” mean in the thirties?
Illegally catching rides on freight trains.
Who were the 2 leaders of Canadian Fascist parties
Joseph Farr and Adrien Arcand
How come the depression did not affect agriculture that much in Central Canada
They had more diverse crop bases
They grew mixed grains, fruits, vegetables and also had meat and dairy farming
When did the drought hit?
1928
Where did the drought hit
Alberta Saskatchewan and Manitoba
What happened to agriculture during the depression
Drought, Strong winds that dried up top soil into giant dust clouds called dust bowls. Remaining soil was not productive for crops
Infestation of grasshoppers who ate everything
Plant disease called rust spread destroying crops
What side are the liberals on?
Conservatives?
Liberals - Left
Conservatives - Right
Communists
Left
Based on the theories of Karl Marx
Believes class system should be abolished
The state controls the economy and society
Authoritarian style government
Socialists
Left
Believes in a capitalist system heavily regulated by government
Lots of taxes used to pay for expansive gov social programs like healthcare, etc.
NDP CCF
Liberals
Capitalist economy with some Government oversight
Taxes used to pay for social programs
Change is good for society
Less religious and traditional
More middle class
Conservatives
Right
Capitalist with little government intervention
Low taxes only basic gov needs
Slow change is acceptable
More religious and traditional
More upper class, elite
Fascists
Believe in capitalist economy
Extremely nationalist, religious and traditional
Racist
Authoritarian style government
far right
POLITICAL SPECTRUM
Left -> Right
Communists->Socialists->Liberals->Conservatives&Social Credit Party->Union Nationale -> Fascists
What did Mackenzie King vow
He would not give any money to provinces run by his opponents
I wont give them a five-cent piece
What was vagrancy?
Vagrancy is when you do not have a home, job or source of income.
What percentage of the population is unemployed during the depression
25%
How much did R.B Bennet give the provinces in relief?
20 million(total)
Why did Newfoundland lose its independence during this time period? 1930s
Because Newfoundland was in great debt and in need of a new government.
What influenced men to become revolutionary during their relief camp time?
They read communist books
How did Bennet personally try to solve the depression?
Bennet personally tried to solve the depression by giving money and donations to the people who wrote to him.
Why did the protesters only get as far as Regina in their “on to Ottawa trek”
The protesters only get as far as Regina in their “on to Ottawa trek” because Bennet forbids the men to take the train further and had ordered mounties to attack the protesters.
Who was “il Duce”
Benito Mussolini
Leader of Italiy and the fascist political movement
How did Il Duce enforce his dictatorship
He enforced his dictatorship by banning opposing political parties, worker unions and censored newspapers. He used the media to spread propaganda and had a secret police force to threaten people into obeying him.
What was the unintended consequence of the war reparations Germany had to pay after WW1?
Hyperinflation
Germany had to print huge amounts of money which devalued their currency and led to inflation. This ruined their economy and people could not pay for anything, making people very violent.
How did the economic problems lead to a breakdown of law and order in Germany?
The inflation made everything so expensive that German middle classes could not afford any food or anything. This forced them to the countryside looking for something to eat and made farmers try to force them away. This made everyone violent
What was the Beer Hall Putsch?
The Beer Hall Putsch was an attempted armed revolt to take over the government of Bavaria that failed
What did Hitler do in prison
He wrote a book about his personal stories and threats against German people.
When was the Beer Hall Putsch
1923
When was Hitler elected to power?
1933
What was one of Hitler’s first actions in office?
Disband the German parliament
What were 2 reasons that Fascist groups became popular in Canada during the 1930’s?
Hitler seemed like he was giving jobs and turning the economy around. Some Canadians hoped the same would happen here. It also seemed like a way out of the Great Depression.
Canada was anti-semitism
Explain 2 kinds of anti-Semitic restrictions that were placed on Jews in Canada?
2 kinds of anti-Semitic restrictions that were placed on Jews in Canada were hiring restrictions in businesses, the civil service and other professions. Other restrictions were buying property and joining certain clubs and organizations.
What happened in the story of the ship St. Louis?
1939
907 Jews fled Nazi Germany on the ship St. Louis to find safety in Cuba but their visas were rejected by the Cuban government and every other Latin American country. Desperate, they went to Canada and the United States only to be rejected again. They eventually returned to Europe where many died in Nazi death camps.
What was the central aim of a Communist society?
The central aim of a Communist society was to create a classless society where all members shared equally in the distribution of resources. Eliminating private property and placing the means of production in the hands of a government to eliminate the gulf between rich and poor.
How did Joseph Stalin attempt to transform the USSR?
Joseph Stalin attempted to transform the USSR by implementing a series of five year plans designed to rapidly industrialize the Soviet economy.
He seized land from farmers and killed any of them who opposed him to make more factories
What was the great terror?
The great terror was Stalin being so suspicious of others that from 1935 to 1938, he eliminated all those suspected of working against him. The death penalty was ordered for people who were found to have withheld information about others engaged in acts against Stalin, even extending to children. The Great Terror claimed one million victims.
How did Italy test the new League of nations in 1936?
Italy invades Ethiopia/Abyssinia and the League on nations didn’t do anything
When did Benito Mussolini’s political movement emerge?
1919
When did Benito Mussolini take to power?
1922
What did Mussolini do immediately after taking to power
Immediately banned opposing political parties, workers unions and censored newspaper to stop freedom of expression.
What did Mussolini’s secret police do
Terrorize people into obeying Mussolini an his fascist followers
What did Hitler promise to do?
Tear up the Treaty of Versailles
Restore Germany to greatness
create a might German army
Return all Germans under one Empire(Lebensraum)
Anschluss - the unification of Austria and Germany
What did Hitler claim?
He claimed that Aryans were a master race destined to rule over other races such as the Jews and Slavs of Eastern Europe.
When was Hitler elected Chancellor of Germany?
1933
Who overthrew the Russian government
Vladimir I. Lenin
When did Vladimir I. Lenin die
1924
Who took over after Vladimir I. Lenin
Joseph Stalin
When was the Great Terror
1935-1938
What was the democratic country Germany tried to create?
Weimar Republic
What was the personal army force that swore absolute loyalty to Hitler
Which secret police force controlled German society?
the SS
Gestapo
What did Hitler do about the treaty of Versailles
He openly broke the terms of the treaty by expanding the German army, navy and airforce. The League of Nations did nothing
When was the league of nations created
Why was it created
1919
To stop future wars but they did nothing
What happened in Spain?
Republican government of Spain became involved in a civil war against Fascist Nationalist forces
When did Spain go to war?
1936
Who led the Fascist Nationalist forces in Spain
Francisco Franco
Who were the Fascists supported by?
Republicans?
During the Spanish civil war
Fascists - Italians and Germans
Republicans - U.S.S.R.
Who won the Spanish civil war?
The Nationalists won and Spain became a fascist country.
Franco was the leader for 40 years
What happened to Japan in the 1930s?
They had become an aggressive campaign of expansion.
Became a modern industrial economy and embraced militarism
They lacked resources so they wanted to build an empire to get these from other countries
Where did Japan invade? When?
North-East China. Province of Manchuria
1931
Later they invaded the rest of China in 1937
What did the Japanese soldiers follow and what were they ordered to do?
They followed the Samurai code of Bushido and looked down on surrendered soldiers. They were ordered to fight to the death
Who was in the Axis Alliance?
Japan, Italy and Germany
What did Germany do in defiance of the treaty of Versailles starting the war? When
Germany reoccupied Rhineland in 1936
How did Germany enforce his Anschluss plan? When?
Hitler absorbed Austria into Germany in 1938
Germany occupied Sudetenland(a part in Czechoslovakia)
When did Britain and France intervene against Germany? How?
When Germany started taking Czechoslovakia. They threatened to go to war.
What did Britain and France do to Hitler?
They realized they were unprepared for another war and tried to make peace with Hitler by giving him territory
Who is the British PM? During beginning of WW2
Chamberlain
What agreement did Britain sign with Hitler? What was it meant to do?
The Munich agreement. It was meant to provide “peace for our time” and appeasement
When did Hitler invade Poland?
September 1st 1939
Who was hitler’s enemy?
Joseph Stalin and the USSR
What did Hitler do to solve his problem with Russia?
He signed a non aggression treaty called the Nazi/Soviet pact where Hitler would be allowed to invade Poland as long as they divided the country in half with Russia. It also guaranteed that Germany and Russia wouldn’t attack each other in the event of a war
When was Borden PM?
1911-1920
Arthur Meighen PM time?
1920-21
1926
Mackenzie King PM time
1921-26
1926-30
1935-48
RB Bennet PM time
1930-35
What was the order of PMs? (7)
Borden
Meighen
King
Meighen
King
Bennet
King
What made Mackenzie King weird?
Fan of hitler, antisimetic, believed in ghosts
Who were the 3 fascist countries in Europe?
Germany` Italy Spain
When was the Blitzkrieg?
1939-40
What does Blitzkrieg mean
lightning war
What is the key element of Blitzkrieg
speed and surprise combined with advanced weaponry
What were the main components of Blitzkrieg(weapons)
Tanks/Infantry
Planes/paratroopers
Artillery
Quick communication
Where was the Blitzkrieg used
mostly in the continent of Europe
What and why did the Germans take advantage of in Western Europe?
They took full advantage of the roads and rail system to quickly move in tanks and troops
Who was involved in the Blitzkrieg
Heinz Guderian and Gerd Von Rundstedht
Who is General Heinz Guderian
Architect of the Blitzkrieg
Who is General Gerd Von Rundstedht
Commander of the French invasion
Why did Germany invade countries in Europe?
They invaded as a part of the Nazi strategy for Lebensraum, or living space, and to provide Germany with resources
Where was Blitzkrieg first used
Poland
When was Blitzkrieg first used
September 1939
How effective was the Blitzkrieg
They were so effective that the main Polish forces were defeated at Warsaw(capital of Poland) and Poland fell in a matter of weeks
Who did Germany invade Poland with?
Soviet Union
How long did Germany stop the Blitzkrieg after the invasion of Poland? What was it called
6 months
Phony War
Where did Germany invade after Poland? When
Denmark and Norway in 1940.
What was Germany’s problem with attacking France?
They needed to get around the Maginot line.
A defensive wall that protected the French borders
How did Germany attack France in WW2
They attacked through the Ardennes forest and went around the Maginot line. They were taken by surprise and overrun by the Germans
When did Germany attack France in WW2
1940s
When did Germany defeat France and Belgium, invade Holland(Netherlands) and have the British on the run?
Late May 1940
What happened with the British army and evacuation?
The British army was completely surrounded but was miraculously able to evacuate most of the troops at Dunkirk in France
When did the French surrender?
early June 1940
How long was France an occupied country under oppressive German rule?
4 years
What was Germany’s plan to invade Britain called?
Operation Sea Lion
What was Germany’s plan to invade Britain
A sea invasion after the Luftwaffe(German air forces) defeated the RAF(British air forces)
What happened in Britain because of their quick defeat in France?
Prime Minister Chamberlain was forced to resign
Who was Britain’s new Prime Minister?
Winston Churchill. He became a significant leader in WW2 and a strong symbol of British resistance to the Nazis
What was the significance of the Blitzkrieg
It showed the world that a new type of warfare could be very effective and avoid trench warfare
The Blitzkrieg gave Hitler a quick and decisive victory and allowed him to dominate most of Europe for the next 5 years
What exactly was the Gin drinker’s line?
The Gin Drinkers line was an 18km defensive line built by the British to hold off attacks for 2 weeks.
What was unusual about John Osborn compared to the rest of the Canadian recruits? What did he do and receive for his heroism?
He was a WW1 veteran. He jumped on a grenade shielding everyone from the explosion. He received a Victoria Cross
What geographic significance was the Wong Nai Chung gap?
The Wong Nai Chung gap was geographically significant because it was the most important for strategic positions for controlling access and troop positions. It also divided Hong Kong in 2
How were Japanese discriminated against in Canadian society?
The Japanese were discriminated against and targeted by anti-Asian rioting, denied the right to vote, teach, take jobs in the civil service and other professions.
What were the Japanese seen as by most suspicious Canadians?
The Japanese were seen as spies and enemy aliens trying to destroy Canada for Japan.
Under what law did the government put the Japanese into internment camps?
The Government put the Japanese into internment camps under the War Measures Act and Defence of Canada Regulations.
Where were the Japanese internees sent? What did the government do to the Japanese Canadian’s property?
The internees were sent to camps in the interior of British Columbia. The Japanese had to give their property to the government for safekeeping but the government just auctioned off their belongings and properties.
What happened to 4000 Japanese internees after the war?
They were deported to Japan
What were 2 nicknames given to the new female factory workers?
2 nicknames given to the new female factory workers are “the Bren Girl” or “Rosie the Riveter”
Besides industry, how else did women contribute to the war effort?
Farming
What did Mackenzie King say about conscription at the beginning of the war?
Mackenzie King said that no Canadians would be conscripted and forced to fight against their will.
What national event did King hold to free him from his promise?
The national event that King held to free him from his promise is a plebiscite. He asked Canadians if they wanted to release the government from their pledge on conscription.
How did King confusingly sum up his position on conscription? What effect did conscription have on the nation?
King confusingly summed up his position on conscription by saying “Not necessarily conscription, but conscription if necessary.” The conscription made some people, primarily people from Quebec, angry and riot.
When did the Holocaust happen
1933-1945
Who were the victims of the Holocaust
Anyone that German thought were lesser than them. “Undesirables” = Jews, Roma(Gypsies), Slavs, Communists, homosexuals, disabled people, Jehovah’s Witnesses
What happened to the victims of the Holocaust
They were murdered by mobile killing units or sent to concentration camps(like Auschwitz, Dachau, Bergen Belsen)
What did victims of the Holocaust do in concentration camps?
They were worked to death.
What was Germany’s “Final Solution” for their Jewish problem
Their final solution was to murder the Jews in death camps with poison gas
Why did the Holocaust happen
Because of hitler’s ideas and hatred of the Jews
What was the significance of the Holocaust
One of the biggest genocides in human history
One of the reasons that Germany lost WW2(it wasted a lot of man power and resources which resulted in no advantage for Germany)
When was the Battle of the Atlantic
1939-1945
Where did the Battle of the Atlantic take place
Atlantic Ocean
Who was involved in the Battle of the Atlantic
British, Canadian and USA Navies against the German Navy
What did Canada do in the Battle of the Atlantic
Supple Britain with food, weapons, troops, etc to keep it alive in WW2
What did the Germans use in the Battle of the Atlantic. What did they do?
They used Uboats to try and sink as many supply ships as possible
What did the allies use in the Battle of the Atlantic? What did they do
They used convoys (groups of smaller ships) protected by smaller ships called corvettes
What is a group of smaller ships called?
Convoys
What are smaller ships called
Corvettes
What did the corvettes do
The corvettes used SONAR(sound waves in the water) called ASDIC to find the subs and blew them up with depth charges or hedgehogs
What is the significance of the Battle of the Atlantic?
The allies won and kept Britain alive in the war.
It was the longest continuous area of conflict in WW2
When did the Battle of Britain happen
1940
Why did the Battle of Britain happen
Hitler wanted to invade Britain by sea(Operation Sea Lion) but he needed to have air superiority over Britain first.
What is the German airforce called
Luftwaffe
What is the British air force called
RAF(Royal air force)
What happened in the Battle of Britain
At first the Germans were successful and destroyed many airbases by bombing but PM Churchill decided to bomb Berlin in response.
Hitler changed the strategy of targeting only airbases and now started bombing cities like London, Liverpool and Birmingham.
This was a bad move and the RAF used radar stations to anticipate German attacks and began to defeat them by shooting down German bombers and their escorts.
What was the bombing of cities called?
Blitz
What were the British planes called?
Spitfires and Hurricanes
How did the battle of Britain end
The RAF defeated the Luftwaffe and kept Britain alive in WW2
Operation Sea Lion was cancelled
When did Operation Barbarossa happen
1941
Where did Operation Barbarossa happen
Russia
Why did Operation Barbarossa happen
Hitler wanted Russia’s resources, living space and to destroy “Jewish communism”
Where did Germany invade during Operation Barbarossa
Leningrad, Minsk, Moscow in the north and Kiev in the south
Where did Germany capture in Operation Barbarossa? Where were they unable to capture?
Captured Kiev and Minsk
Unable to capture Moscow and Leningrad(Besieged for a year)
What slowed the Germans down in Operation Barbarossa
Russians mounted a massive counterattack and the Russian winter started slowing down the Germans
What happened in 1942 Operation Barbarossa?
Germans tried to take Stalingrad but were slowed down by heavy urban warfare. Once the winter set in, the Germans were worn down and defeated.
How many German soldiers were taken prisoner in Operation Barbarossa
Almost 10,000
When did WW2 start
September 1 1939
Where was the last attempt by Germany to defeat the USSR? Operation Barbarossa
Kursk
What happened in Germany’s last attempt to defeat the USSR? Operation Barbarossa
A massive tank battle where hundreds of German and Russian tanks fought. In the end Germany was defeated by the huge number of new Soviet tanks
Significance of Operation Barbarossa
Massive defeat for the Germans in WW2(huge loss of arms and men)
A bad decision by Hitler that led to their defeat in WW2
Created a 2 front war (the worst scenario for Germans)
When was the Pearl Harbor Attack?
December 7th 1941
Who was involved in the Pearl Harbor Attack
Japan and America
Where did the Japanese attack during the Pearl Harbor Attack
Pearl harbor, a US Naval base
What was Japan’s strategy for the Pearl Harbor Attack
Take out the US Navy in the Pacific so they could expand their empire
What did the Japanese do during the Pearl Harbor Attack
Japan attacked using torpedo bombers launched from aircraft carriers and sank several US ships, destroy parts of the base and kill thousands of troops.
Significance on the Pearl Harbor Attack
Huge victory for Japan and allowed them to expand their empire towards Australia
Provoked the USA to join WW2, Japan’s ally, Germany, also declared war on the USA
When did the Raid on Dieppe happen
August 1942
Who was involved in the Raid on Dieppe
Canada, Britain and some USA troops vs Germany
Why did the Allies want to raid Dieppe?
To gain intel and sabotage the German coastal defenses. They also wanted to take some prisoners and capture the German Enigma coding machine
What happened during the Raid on Dieppe
As the Allies crossed the English channel, they were discovered by a German force.
When they attacked on the beach, they were met with fierce German resistance. Many people were killed and their tanks could not get off the beach. They were forced to withdraw after suffering many casualties. No enigma was captured
Significance on the Raid on Dieppe
Huge defeat for the allies, especially Canada
Big operation for Canadians but was very badly planed by the British and poorly executed
Major lessons were learned and used later for D-Day
When was the Battle of Ortona?
December 1943
Where did the Battle of Ortona take place
Ortona, Italy
What was Canada in charge of during the Battle of Ortona
Taking the deep water port of Ortona which also opened the road to Rome
What happened in the Battle of Ortona?
Canada faced tough German defenses and had to commit to house to house urban warfare to defeat the Germans. They were forced to blow holes in the walls between the townhouses(called “Mouseholding”)
How did the Battle of Ortona end
Canadians were able to defeat the German force and take the town
Significance of the Battle of Ortona
Showed that Canada was an excellent fighting force
Huge victory for Canada but many casualties
When D-Day happen
June 6 1944
Who was involved in D-Day
USA, Britain and Canada vs Germany
What was D-Day?
The Allies’ invasion of the beaches of Normandy
What did the Allies do before D-Day
Sent paratroopers to drop behind enemy lines to disrupt German defenses
What happened in D-Day?
In the morning, battleships pounded the French coast with their guns
The Allies crossed the English channel and attacked the beaches using amphibious landing craft.
What did the Allies do to differentiate the beaches? D-Day
They were codenamed.
Britain attacked at Sword and Gold Beaches
USA attacked at Omaha and Utah beaches
Canada attacked at Juno beach
Which beaches had ferocious German defense? D-Day
Juno and Omaha
How did D-Day end?
Many casualties but the allies took all the beaches
Significance of D-Day
Massive victory for the Allies
Germany was forced to fight on 3 fronts(Russia, Italy and France)
Signaled the beginning of the end for Germany in WW2
What 3 fronts were the Germans fighting?
Russia, Italy and France
When did the war in the Pacific start?
December of 1941
When did the Japanese spread their empire as far south as New Guinea
Middle of 1942
Where did the Japanese conquer?
Philippines, Indonesia, Malaya(Now part of Malaysia), Singapore and many small islands throughout the Pacific
What did the USA know about their fight in the Pacific about Japan. What was this style of fighting called?
They would have to conquer every single Japanese held piece of land because the Japanese army would never surrender. It was called Island hopping
When was the major turning point in the Pacific War?
June 1942
What was the major turning point in the Pacific War
The USA tricked the Japanese into a huge naval battle
Where did the major turning point in the Pacific war happen
Near the island of Midway
What happened in the major turning point in the Pacific War
The USA defeated the Japanese and sank many aircraft carriers and ships, severely limiting the Japanese navy from helping its ground forces
What were the USA able to do after the Midway battle?
Defeated the Japanese at Guadalcanal island in the Solomon islands
When did the USA assassinate the Japanese General Yamamoto?
1943
How did the US assassinate General Yamamoto
By shooting down his plane
Who did the US assassinate in the Pacific War
General Yamamoto
What happened with the Japanese soldier who kept fighting even after the war?
Hiroo Onada remained in the Philippine jingle until 1974. He surrendered to Ferdinand Marcos the Philippine president
What did the Japanese do to attack American ships?
“Kamikaze” missions were suicide missions where pilots would fly explosive filled planes into American ships. They inflicted damage but were a failure.
When did the US invade Japan
1945
Where did the Americans invade in Japan
the southernmost islands of Japan, Iwo Jima and Okinawa
What happened in the 2 battles to invade Japan?
High casualty rates because Japanese civilians fought the USA to the death too
What did the US do after seizing the islands close to Japan?
Relentless bombing where several cities were almost completely destroyed and thousands of Japanese people were killed
When did the US use the atomic bomb
August 1945
How long was the end of the war in Europe
1944-1945
When were the Germans defeated and Mussolini removed from office in Italy?
April 1945
What did Mussolini try to do after being removed from office?
Tried to escape to Spain but captured by Italian partisans who executed him, his mistress and his ministers. Their bodies were publicly displayed which ended the Fascist presence in Italy
What happened to the Germans in Western Europe?
The Germans had been overrun in France and Paris had been liberated. The allies then pushed into the Netherlands
What did the Canadian army do to the Dutch?
They liberated the Dutch(Netherlands and Belgium) from the 5 year German oppression they had suffered. They also played a key role in the Scheldt campaign in the western Netherlands
What happened in the Scheldt campaign?
Canadians faced fierce resistance but were able to defeat the Germans taking the rest of Netherlands
When did the Battle of the Bulge happen
December 1944
What was the Battle of the Bulge
He gambled to defeat the allies by launching a surprise attack through the Ardennes Forest. It did really well at first and the American troops were defeated and taken prisoner. But they managed to reorganize themselves and fought a fierce and bloody counterattack. The Americans overwhelmed the Germans and won the winter battle.
When was Germany on their last legs?
Spring 1945
Why were the Germans on their last legs
Russians were attacking in the East
British, Canadian and Americans in the west
Who took Berlin first? Why?
Russians surrounded Berlin first because they wanted to be the first to capture the city and Hitler.
What did Hitler do while Berlin was being taken?
He stayed in his fortified bunker deep below Berlin and ordered Germany to fight to the last man
What did Hitler do when Germany was taken over?
He committed suicide with his mistress and several other high ranking Nazis
What is VE day? When is it?
May 8th 1945
Victory in Europe day
What did the Allies do with Germany?
Divided it into 4 different occupation zones called the Yalta agreement
Britain in the northwest
America in the south
France in the southwest
Russia in the northeast
A wall eventually divided the city between the communist and democratic zones
Where were high ranking Nazis in the German government and the armed forces put on trial?
Nuremberg where many were sentenced to death
What is Lebensraum?
Living space(Germany taking over land to be bigger)
What is anschluss
Germany and Austria uniting
What was Germany’s ground force
Wehrmacht
What was Germany’s navy?
Kriegsmarine
What had “heaved” Canada out of the great depression?
Wartime production heaved Canada out of the great depression.
When did the oil boom begin in the west?
The oil boom began in the west in 1947.
Who uncovered the Soviet spy ring in Canada
Igor Gouzenko
Who succeeded Mackenzie King as Prime Minister?
Louis St. Laurant succeeded Mackenzie King as Prime Minister
In what year was N.A.T.O established?
N.A.T.O. was established in 1949
What was the first major conflict that Canada was involved in after WW2?
Korean War
What new province was created in Canada in 1949? Who was the premier that brought the province into Confederation?
Newfoundland and Labrador was created in Canada in 1949. Joey Smallwood was the premier that brought the province into the Confederation
What were the British women who married Canadian soldiers and came to Canada called?
War bride
What were some negatives about living in the city in the 1950’s
Fewer green areas, Noise, dirt, crowds, traffic jams, No parking, High taxes, Old houses, Apartments, Strictly enforced building codes
The “Baby Boom” created what job shortage in 1957?
Teacher shortage
What immigrants fled to Canada after a failed revolution in 1956?
Hungary
Why were there so many jobs in construction in the 1950s?
Many new people were moving in and they needed more houses. Created the suburbs
What did Lester Pearson win the Nobel peace prize for?
Lester Pearson won the Nobel peace prize for his contributions to resolving the Suez Canal crisis and organizing the United Nations Emergency Force.
Why was Ellen Fairclough significant?
Ellen Fairclough was significant because she was appointed Canada’s first female cabinet minister.
What was Sputnik?
Sputnik was the first satellite sent to space and was Russian.
What did the St.Lawrence seaway allow ships to do?
The St. Lawrence seaway allowed ships to travel 3000km inland. Allowed lots of exports in bulk quantity and got ships from the Atlantic ocean to the great lakes
Who finally got the right to vote in 1960?
Aboriginal people got the right to vote in 1960.
What did the Americans pressure PM Diefenbaker to do in the late 1950s and early 1960s which he refused?
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the Americans pressured PM Diefenbaker to arm Canada with nuclear weapons which he refused.
What political party did the CCF and Canadian labour party form in 1961?
NDP
Who replaced Diefenbaker as Prime Minister?
Lester Pearson replaced Diefenbaker as Prime Minister.
What kind of governments did the Soviets force on the countries they occupied in Eastern Europe?
The Soviets forced a communist government where there was a democracy but only people from the communist party would be allowed to run for office.
Who were the leaders of the Chinese civil war
Nationalist - Chiang Kai-shek
Communist - Mao Zedong
At the end of WW2 who was fighting in the Chinese civil war?
The nationalists and communists in China were fighting in the Chinese civil war.
Besides its large area what were 3 reasons that made the USSR a superpower?
3 reasons that made the USSR a superpower is their population, many resources and military might.
Who became the world’s greatest imperial power after WW2? Why?
The United States became the world’s greatest imperial power after WW2 because they had not suffered from bombings or invasions during the war and because they had the atomic bomb which scared many countries off.
When was the United Nations created?
The United Nations was created in April 1945
Besides world peace what were 3 of the United Nations’ goals?
3 of their goals were to help advance justice and law throughout the world, defend humans rights and help promote equality among different individuals and groups around the globe, and encourage friendly relations among nations
What is the difference between a “cold” and “hot” war?
Hot wars were wars fought with troops and and weapons while cold wars were fought with propaganda, espionage, economic and political pressures, and limited military aggression. US and USSR never fought directly but used the tactic of proxy wars where smaller countries fought each other
What did Winston Churchill mean by the term “Iron Curtain”
When Winston Churchill used the term “Iron Curtain” he meant there was a deepening divide between Eastern Europe and Western Europe.
What was the Truman Doctrine’s purpose?
The Truman Doctrine’s purpose was to promote democracy and to stop the spread of communism around the world.
What is NATO? What was its purpose? What communist organization opposed it?
NATO is the North Atlantic Treaty Organization where they had contained clauses about trade and cultural exchange but it was primarily for mutual defense. The Warsaw pact was opposed to it.
What was the Marshall plan? What was it designed to do? What were the results of it?
The Marshall plan was a recovery plan made by the U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall in 1948 for Europe. It was designed to get Western Europe back on its feet after being wrecked by WW2 by shipping resources like food, materials, equipment, etc. and raising money. The results were great, exceeding the expectations of the people who helped out with making the plan and brought stability back to Europe.
What parallel of latitude were the 2 Koreas divided by after WW2?
38th parallel
Who invaded North Korea and removed the Japanese at the end of WW2?
USSR
What exact date did war break out between north and south? Korea
June 25 1950
What slowed the advance of the North Korean troops most on the roads of South Korea?
The refugees filling up the roads slowed the advance of the North Korean troops.
What South Korean port city did the UN retreat to?
Busan
What northern port near Seoul did General Macarthur launch his bold counterattack on?
Incheon
What evidence did the UN force uncover of North Korea’s “savage behavior” in the south?
Mass graves
Besides new bombs like Napalm, what kind of new military technology was used for the first time in the Korean War?
Navy jets (f9 panther)
What river marks the border between North Korea and China?
Yalu river
What weapon did Truman and Macarthur consider using to stop the Chinese? What happened to Macarthur because of Truman’s refusal?
Nuclear weapons. Macarthur got relieved of his duties/fired.
How many times did the city of Seoul change hands in the war?
4 times in 1 year
Where did the North Koreans move their factories to avoid the UN bombing?
Underground
How was the end of the Korean War similar to the end of WW1?
Both ended in an armistice
Louis St. Laurent
1948-1957
Liberal
French Canadian
- Booming Canadian economy
- Built St. Lawrence Seaway with USA
- Invested in a lot of natural resource extraction
- Lost election to Diefenbaker over a Pipeline building scandal.
John Diefenbaker
1957-1963
Conservatives
German Canadian
Appointed the first woman Cabinet minister Ellen Fairclough
Gave natives the right to vote.
Created the Canadian Bill of Rights
Created a problem with USA by not arming Bomarc missiles without nuclear tips.
Cancelled the Avro Arrow jet fighter
Loses election to Lester Pearson
Lester Pearson
1963-1968
Liberal
English Canadian
Canadian Flag/anthem
Social Safety Net in Canada (employment insurance, welfare and Medicare, Canada Pension
Never achieved a Majority Gov while in power.
Pierre Trudeau
1968 - 1979, 1980 – 1984
Liberal
French/English Canadian
Federalist and fought against Quebec separation
Policy of Multiculturalism
Reformed immigration policy
Attempted to liberalize laws and create equality
2 official languages
Used Canada’s middle power status to promote peace during cold war
Trudeau “repatriated” the Canadian Constitution in 1982. This gave Canada full control over its laws.
Invoked the War measures act against FLQ in 1970
Accused of borrowing too much money creating lots of debt and stagflation
Attempted to force federal control over Alberta’s oil causing western alienation
Joe Clark
1979-1980
Conservative
English Canadian
no good
Lost a non confidence vote and lost election
Brian Mulroney
1984-1993
Conservative
French Canadian
Agreed with free trade with america which later expanded to north america free trade
Brought in GST to get government funds
Lots of debt and deficits, economic downturns
Accused of corrupt government
Jean Chretien
1993-2002
Liberal
French Canadian
Wins 3 straight majority governments in election
Careful in office in international affairs
Balanced the budget in office
Accused of corrupt government
Accused of being too cautious
How long was the cold war
1945-1991
When did the USSR create their own atomic bomb
1948
What was the first test of the United Nations
1950
Communist North Korea invaded south korea
Led by the US, Britain and Canada to repel communists
Communists took almost the entire country but a massive counterattack flipped it around making the UN take all of Korea before the Chinese intervened
Who succeeded Joseph Stalin
1953 Nikita Khruschev
What happened in the vietnam war
French v Communist forces
French were defeated and the country was divided into north communist and south democratic.
US began to support the south
USSR formed an alliance against NATO with other communist countries of eastern europe called the warsaw pact.
When was the Suez canal crisis
1956
What happened in the Suez Canal crisis
Egypt seized the canal and Britain and France who controlled the Canal tried to have Israel attack egypt. It almost led to a nuclear war between the US and USSR but Lester Pearson stepped in and organized a solution at the UN.
When was the attempted Hungary revolution
1956
What happened in the Hungary revolution
Hungary tried to break away from the USSR influence with a revolution but the USSR crushed the attempted uprising with massive military response
What does NORAD stand for. When was it set up. What is it
North American Aerospace Defense Command
1958.
System of radar stations called the DEW(Distant Early Warning line) line in the arctic
what does MAD stand for
Mutually assured destruction
What was the really good Canadian fighter jet called
Avro Arrow
Why was Canada considered a middle power
Didn’t have the population size to be a superpower like USA or USSR but more powerful than most minor powers in the world.
What happened in Cuba during the cold war
Cuban communists under Fidel Castro overthrew the government and took power. It brought the threat of communism really close to the US and made tensions very high.
What happened during the Cuban Missile crisis
1961
Cuba allowed the USSR to install nuclear missiles on Cuban soil.
US blockaded Cuba and demanded the missiles to be withdrawn. Closest time the world was to a nuclear war before the soviets backed down and removed the missiles
When did China become the fifth nuclear power
1964
When did Czechoslovakia attempt to break away from USSR
1968
What made the Vietnam war difficult for the US
unlike the korean war it did not have UN and Canada help
eventually after many losses they withdrew and signed a peace treaty with the communists
by 1975 communists have taken over
What happened in Afghanistan during the cold war
the USSR invaded and attempted to spread communism. US supported the anti soviet forces until the USSR was defeated and left in 1989
Who was the soviet leader who changed the USSR during the cold war
Mikhail Gorbachev
What did Mikhail Gorbachev do
changed the entire relationship between the USSR and the world by advocating more freedom and openness with the west called Glasnost.
Led to the breakup of the Soviet Union and freedom of the Communist countries in Europe
The berlin wall also came down and the germanys were reunited
When did the Berlin wall come down
1989
What happened in China during the cold war
Pro democracy protests broke out led by students. They demanded that the government start reforms. Many people encamped in Tianenmen Square for weeks.
It looked like it might succeed but the government sent in the army and crushed the forces killing thousands of civilians. Became known as the Tiananmen Square massacre
When did the cold war end
1991
What people were discriminated the worst for in Canada during the 1960s?
Black and Native people
What was Pierre Trudeau’s famous line in a TV interview when asked how far he would go to solve the FLQ crisis?
Just watch me
List the 4 roles Lester Pearson had played before becoming Prime Minister
Soldier, diplomat, Nobel Peace Prize winner, Foreign Minister
What first gave Pearson motivation in 1956 to change Canada’s flag to a new design?
He felt humiliated after Egypt’s president refused to have Canada’s Queen’s Own Rifles as peacekeepers in the Suez because they bore the Red Ensign and wore British looking uniforms.
Which Canadians rejected the British Red Ensign flag (the old Canadian flag) during Mackenzie King’s leadership of Canada? Why?
French Canadians because it was too decisive and emotional
Why did Pearson decide that 1964 would be good year to change the country’s flag
Because the administration was in trouble and the country needed a distraction and patriotism.
Describe what happened in Parliament in one of the most dramatic moments in Canadian history.
MPs who supported the new flag sang O Canada while the MPs who wanted the old flag sang God save the Queen
When and where was the flag first flown?
February 15 1965, Parliament Hill.
What was Canada’s largest industry?
Automobile manufacturing
Why was Alberta upset with oil regulations from Ottawa?
Oil sellers cant raise their prices for other Canadians when oil prices everywhere are getting higher.
What did the N.E.P encourage?
Gave Canadian companies special grants and allowed exploration.
Why was Ken Taylor significant?
Canadian’s ambassador in Iran who smuggled 6 American back to Freedom
Who did Pierre Trudeau defeat in 1980 to win reelection?
Joe Clark
Who was Henri Bourassa
One of the first Quebec nationalists who argued that Quebec had a unique language and culture that needed to be protected. Had a newspaper called Le Devoir to promote French Canadian rights and battle english domination
What was a big issue in Quebec that people were against
Conscription
Who was Quebec dominated by during the Great depression
Maurice Duplessis.
What was the great darkness
During the great depression in Quebec. Maurice Duplessis used fascist tactics to control Quebec. He used the Roman Catholic church to reinforce its conservative religious values and wanted Quebec to resist and/or remain ignorant of outside influences. This time was called the great darkness
What was the Quiet revolution
The time period in Quebec after Duplessis’ death in 1959. Liberal government came to power under Jean Lesage and vowed to change french english relations and quebec society. They removed the influence of the roman catholic churce. Nationalized many industries and brought them under provincial control. Eg. Hydro Quebec. Made the idea of seperation more popular
What was the term Jean Lesage used
maitres chez nous
masters of our own house
What did the president of France say in his speech during the world expo
Vive le Quebec libre
love live a free Quebec
What is the FLQ
French Canadian separatist group
Front de Liberation de Quebec
They were radicals who believed violence and a real uprising against the english would result in independence
What was the October crisis of 1970
A series of terrorist bombings.
The FLQ kidnapped the British trade minister James Cross and a Quebec cabinet minister Pierre Laporte
Trudeau invoked the War Measures Act and called the army to stop the terrorists
Hundreds of FLQ members were arrested.
Pierre Laporte was murdered.
Who was the new premier of Quebec in the early 70s
Liberal Robert Bourassa
Strong Federalist (unity with Canada)
Who opposed Robert Bourassa
Parti Quebecois
Who was the leader of the Parti Quebecois
Rene Levesque
How did Bourassa and Trudeau try to appease the seperatists
passing laws giving Quebec more autonomy
When did Canada become bilingual?
1969
When did PQ win the provincial election?
1976
What did the PQ do in power
Strengthened the language law with Bill 101.
Made French the official language and removed English signs from Quebec
What did Levesque announce.
A referendum in 1980 on independence.
If they voted yes, it would be for sovereignty association not full independence.
What does Sovereignty association mean
The idea that Quebec could be a separate country but still retain many connections to Canada like the money and open borders.
What won in the Quebec referendum?
No soverignty
When did Canada get its own constitution?
1982
What were Brian Mulroney’s 2 attempts to appease Quebec
Mulroney attempted to get Quebec in the constitution with the Meech lake accord and then the Charlottetown accord but both failed.
Who was the premier who called the second referendum
Jacques Parizeau
What happened in the second referendum?
It was much closer but the no side won again
How was the economy in the early 80s
worst economic downturn/recession since the great depression
What was one of Trudeau’s last acts?
Appoint Jean Sauve as Canada’s first female governor general
Who became the new leader of the liberal party after trudeau. What happened
John Turner.
An election was called. Brian Mulroney came to power
What did the conservatives do in the 80s
Negotiations with US for free trade
When was black monday
1987
What was black monday
when the stock market lost 20% of its value in a day
What was the main issue in the 1988 election. Who won?
Free trade
Conservatives and Brian mulroney
