Tune Up #1 pt. 4 Flashcards
How many Bereiche are in the Baden Anbaugebiet?
9||-Baden extends for nearly 400 kilometers and is scattered from the shores of Lake Constance, which separates Germany and Switzerland, to the edge of the Odenwald hills in Hessische-Bergstrasse and the Tauber River Valley, near Würzburg in Franken. So while it is difficult to generalize about the region’s wines, its greatest successes have been with varieties rooted in Burgundy
What are the three most important grapes in the Baden Anbaugebiet?
Weissburgunder|Grauburgunder|Spätburgunder||-The trio accounts for three of Baden’s four most planted grapes, and Spätburgunder alone makes up one-third of Baden’s almost 16,000 hectares under vine.|-White grapes still account for a slim majority
What is the Gutedel grape known as in France?
Chasselas||-In Germany, the Swiss grape is cultivated almost exclusively in the Markgräferland Bereiche at Baden’s southernmost point, where the Anbaugebiet meets the Swiss city of Basel and the French border.
What is Chasselas known as in Germany?
Gutedel||-In Germany, the Swiss grape is cultivated almost exclusively in the Markgräferland Bereiche at Baden’s southernmost point, where the Anbaugebiet meets the Swiss city of Basel and the French border.
The Markgräferland Bereiche at Baden’s southernmost point is known for the best German examples of which grape?
Gutedel||-Chasselas
Ortenau, Breisgau, Kaiserstuhl, and Tuniberg are the four Baden Bereiche well known for what grape?
Pinot Noir
Which four Baden Bereiche are well known for German Pinot Noir?
Ortenau|Breisgau|Kaiserstuhl|Tuniberg
Bernhard Huber is a well known German producer of what style of wine?
Spätburgunder|-Baden
What is Baden’s most celebrated zone for Spätburgunder?
Kaiserstuhl
Kaiserstuhl is Baden’s most celebrated zone for what?
Spätburgunder||-The district experiences Germany’s warmest and sunniest winegrowing climate—in warm vintages, Spätburgunder passing the 15% mark is not unheard of.
Kaiserstuhl is Baden’s most celebrated zone for Spätburgunder and the best sites within this area are known for what type of soil?
volcanic soils|-rather than windblown loess, such as Achkarrer Schlossberg and Ihringer Winklerberg, Germany’s hottest vineyard.
What is Germany’s hottest vineyard?
Ihringer Winklerberg||-If anything, Kaiserstuhl’s greatest viticultural liability is one sommeliers don’t usually associate with Germany: too much sun, too much heat, too much potential alcohol.
Which Bereiche in Baden is a subregion of sorts of the Kaiserstuhl Bereiche?
Tuniberg||-which formally separated from Kaiserstuhl in 1991. Situated on calcareous rather than volcanic subsoil, Tuniberg has a more thorough distribution of loess and loess-loam topsoils, but its wines have not achieved the same fame as those of Kaiserstuhl.
The Tuniberg Bereiche of Baden is essentially a sub zone of which more famous Bereiche?
Kaiserstuhl||-which formally separated from Kaiserstuhl in 1991. Situated on calcareous rather than volcanic subsoil, Tuniberg has a more thorough distribution of loess and loess-loam topsoils, but its wines have not achieved the same fame as those of Kaiserstuhl.
What is the only German Anbaugebiet that enters the EU’s Climate Zone B category?
Baden
What is the most planted grape in Württemberg?
Trollinger||-better known as Schiava in Italy|-70% of its total acreage is devoted to red grapes|-Riesling is the most planted white grape in the region and the second most planted grape overall
What is the Trollinger grape known as in Italy?
Schiava
What is Schiava known as in Germany?
Trollinger
German cultivation of the Pinot Meunier grape is almost exclusive to which Anbaugebiet?
Württemberg|-where it typically produces light, fruity, quaffable wines
What is the specialized style of rosé wine that is unique to the Württemberg region?
Schillerwein||-Alongside pink Champagne, it is one of the few styles of European rosés for which blending is permitted.
How is Schillerwein made?
Historically, the pale pink wine was composed of a field blend of red and white grapes, crushed and fermented together. Today, the red and white lots are blended prior to fermentation to achieve the wine’s bright rosy color.
The cities of Stuttgart and Heilbronn are associated with which Anbaugebiet?
Württemberg
In which Bereich is Württemberg’s largest concentration of vineyards?
Württembergisch Unterland Bereich |-between the capital city of Stuttgart and Heilbronn
Weingut Graf Neipperg is a well known producer in which Anbaugebiet?
Württemberg||-of Schwaigern|-Owner Karl Neipperg is the latest in a long line of lords whose presence in Württemberg can be traced to the 12th century; however, his brother, Stephan von Neipperg of Saint-Émilion, is easily the more widely recognized figure in the wine world today.
Jean Stodden, Meyer-Näkel, and J.J. Adeneuer are well known producers associated with which Anbaugebiet?
Ahr||-Ahr Spätburgunder is a rare example of slate-grown Pinot Noir, and its admirers attribute a smoky undertone to this unique union of grape and soil.
What are some of the top producers of Ahr Spätburgunder?
Jean Stodden|Meyer-Näkel|J.J. Adeneuer
What type of soil is associated with Spätburgunder in the Ahr?
Slate||-The slopes here can be just as steep—reaching 60 to 70% grade or more—and slate-covered as those in the Mosel, but the river is too small and removed from the vineyards to have any great impact on vineyard temperature and vine.
What is the only Bereiche in the Ahr?
Walporzheim-Ahrtal
Walporzheim-Ahrtal is the only Bereiche in which Anbaugebiet?
Ahr
What is the only Grosslagen in the Ahr?
Klosterberg
Klosterberg is the only Grosslagen in which Anbaugebiet?
Ahr
What are the general differences between the Lower Ahr Valley and the Upper Ahr Valley?
The Lower Ahr Valley is more densely planted, with more basalt-derived clay and sand atop dark slate. It is also warmer, with harvests occurring on average 10 days earlier than in the Upper Ahr Valley. Because of this, Lower Ahr wines exhibit a more opulent character. Some of the most ancient vineyards, however, are further west. In the nearly pure slate soils of the Upper Ahr Valley, phylloxera is nonexistent
The Ahr Anbaugebiet is divided into what two sections?
Upper Ahr Valley|Lower Ahr Valley||-Upper Ahr west of Walporzheim and the Lower Ahr, spanning the remaining distance to the river’s confluence with the Rhine
When did the Ahr region’s full turn toward red wine production begin?
In the 1980s|-with Meyer-Näkel in the village of Dernau leading the charge
The Ahr producer, Meyer-Näkel, is credited with doing what?
The Ahr region’s full turn toward red wine production in the 1980s.||-Meyer-Näkel pivoted its gaze toward Burgundy and began emphasizing dryness, abandoning thermovinification, employing longer macerations, and aging in French oak barrels. Others took notice, and a revolution in style began. Guyot training replaced the traditional single-post system in serious vineyards, providing more sun exposure in the Ahr’s northerly climate.
How has the Ahr region, north of the 50th parallel, managed such success with red grapes when areas to its south, like the Mosel, have trouble reliably ripening red grapes?
Aided by its east-west orientation, the Ahr Valley benefits from the moderating influence of the Gulf Stream, and the growing season here is longer than in nearby regions like Mittelrhein or the Mosel. The whole region is a canyon, protected from wind and rain amidst the low Eifel Mountains. In this rain shadow, sunlight hours are correspondingly higher
What is Pinot Noir Precocé known as in Germany and in which Anbaugebiet is it commonly found?
Frühburgunder|-the second most planted red variety in the Ahr
Frühburgunder is a specialty of which Anbaugebiet?
Ahr|-has replaced Portugieser as the second most planted red variety in the Ahr
What is Frühburgunder known as in France?
Pinot Noir Precocé
What are the two Bereiche of the Mittelrhein Anbaugebiete?
Loreley|Siebengebirge||-The vast majority of the Mittelrhein’s vineyards and all of its Grosse Lage sites are located within the southern Bereich of Loreley
Which of the Mittelrhein’s two Bereiche is where the vast majority of the vineyards and all of its Grosse Lage sites are located?
Loreley|-the southern Bereich
Loreley and Siebengebirge are the two Bereiche of which Anbaugebiete?
Mittelrhein||-The vast majority of the Mittelrhein’s vineyards and all of its Grosse Lage sites are located within the southern Bereich of Loreley
Which Bereiche is the northernmost winegrowing area in western Germany?
The Mittelrhein’s Siebengebirge Bereiche||-a cluster of uplifted hills of volcanic origin southeast of Bonn. It is a much less significant winegrowing district, and fewer than two dozen hectares of vines remain under cultivation.
In Loreley and throughout Mittelrhein, what is the most planted variety?
Riesling||-the grape accounts for almost 70% of the total acreage
What are some of the similarities and differences between the Mosel and the Mittelrhein regions?
With the steep slopes of the Rhine gorge and its Devonian slate soils, conditions are similar to those in the Mosel, but the south-facing orientations essential to producing great Riesling are much rarer in the Mittelrhein.||-most of the Mittelrhein’s best vineyards are secluded in side valleys in Bacharach and Oberwesel
Stylistically, Riesling producers in Mittelrhein have more interest in what style of wine which contrasts with the style of the Mosel?
Riesling producers in Mittelrhein have more interest in trocken and halbtrocken styles of wine than those in the Mosel||-65% of Mittelrhein’s production was recorded as dry or off-dry, while the majority of Mosel wines were still clocking in at lieblich (medium sweet) or süss.
What is the smallest Anbaugebiet in Germany?
Hessische-Bergstrasse|-both in physical sizes and hectares planted to the vine
The Hessische-Bergstrasse Anbaugebiete is 50 kilometers due south of which major city?
Frankfurt|-aligned in latitude with the southern Rheinhessen, 30 kilometers to its west
What are the two Bereiche of the Hessische-Bergstrasse Anbaugebiete?
Starkenburg|Umstadt
Starkenburg and Umstadt are the two Bereiche of which Anbaugebiete?
Hessische-Bergstrasse
Simon-Bürkle is a producer associated with which Anbaugebiete?
Hessische-Bergstrasse|-Over half of the region’s acreage is under the control of the Bergstrasse Winzer eG cooperative
Historically, which Anbaugebiete’s vineyards constituted a sort of satellite region for the Rheingau, as they were once among the thousands of hectares tended by the Cistercian monks of Kloster Eberbach?
Hessische-Bergstrasse
Most of the vineyards in the Hessische-Bergstrasse Anbaugebiete are clustered around which village?
Heppenheim||-in the Starkenburg Bereich|-but there is a small “island” of vineyards further north, nearer to the Main River and separated from the remainder, which comprises the Umstadt Bereich
When did Germany’s total number of Anbaugebiete increase from 11 to 13?
1990|-with the addition of two areas previously under East German rule, Saale-Unstrut and Sachsen
What are Germany’s two northernmost winegrowing regions?
Saale-Unstrut |Sachsen||-far to the east of the country’s more renowned vineyards
What is Germany’s fastest-growing region?
Saale-Unstrut
Which producer is leading the minor renaissance taking place in the Sachsen Anbaugebiete?
Schloss Proschwitz||-the region’s largest estate and the first VDP member in Saxony
Schloss Proschwitz is which region’s largest estate and the first VDP member of the region?
Sachsen||-good wines, even if most of them never make it further afield than a Dresden tavern
What does Alleinbesitz mean?
A vineyard which is owned by only one owner (similar to a monopole in France).
What does Alte Reben mean?
old vines
What does Einzellage mean?
single vineyard
What are Keuper soils?
Soil type consisting of marl and limestone common in Alsace, dating to the Upper Triassic period.||-Keuper is a stratigraphic name for the Upper Triassic period and can mean marl (varicoloured, saliferous grey, or gypsiferous grey) or limestone (ammonoid).||-Black, gypsum-laced soils of Franken that mitigate cold temperatures by retaining heat||*|Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate, with the chemical formula CaSO₄·2H₂O. It is widely mined and is used as a fertilizer and as the main constituent in many forms of plaster, blackboard/sidewalk chalk, and drywall.
What is Rotling?
Rosé wine that is produced from a mixture of red and white varieties. A Rotling must have pale red or clear red color
What is Schneewein?
Snow wine - used to describe an ice wine made from grapes gathered when snow covered the vineyards
What does Schloss mean?
German word for castle; on a wine label it is equivalent to the French word “Chateau.”
What does Spritzig mean?
German term for the taste sensation of a wine which contains just enough CO2 to be apparent on the tongue as a prickly sensation (but not enough to be obviously sparkling)
Who applied for Germany’s first three single-vineyard PDOs?
Reinhard Heymann-Löwenstein ||-parcels in Uhlen: Blaufüsser Lay, Roth Lay, and Laubach
What was a recent botritys vintage in Germany?
2010
What 2 Anbaugebiete only allow VDP Riesling Grosse Lage?
Mosel|Nahe
What is the only Anbaugebiet to allow Chardonnay for VDP Grosse Lage sites?
Baden
Which producer, in the village of Haardt, continues to prove that classically sweet wines have their place in the Pfalz?
Müller-Catoir||-producing Riesling, Scheurebe, and Rieslaner in a lusher style.
What are the 6 major villages of Burg Cochem from North to South?
Winningen|Kobern-Gondorf|Hatzenport|Cochem|Bremm|Zell
What are the 6 major villages of Ruwertal?
Ruwer|Eitelsbach|Mertesdorf|Kasel|Waldrach|Avelsbach
Where is Eitelsbach?
Ruwertal
What are the 6 major villages of Saar?
Serrig|Saarburg|Wiltingen|Ockfen|Oberemmel|Kanzem
What is the famous alleinbesitz in the village of Eitelsbach? Who owns it?
Karthäuserhofberg||-Karthäuserhof
What is the name of the famous alleinbesitz of Karthäuserhof in the Ruwertal village of Eitelsbach?
Karthäuserhofberg
Where is Karthäuserhofberg?
Ruwertal village of Eitelsbach
What is the name of the alleinbesitz of Egon Müller in the gemeinden of Wiltingen?
Braune Kupp||-Wiltingen (Saar)
Egon Müller’s alleinbesitz of Braune Kupp is in which gemeinden?
Wiltingen||-Saar
Who is the owner of the Braune Kupp alleinbesitz in the Saar?
Egon Müller||-Wiltingen
Scharzhofberg is an orsteil in which gemeinden?
Wiltingen
What is the difference between VDP Grosses Gewächs (GG) and VDP Grosse Lage?
GG will be dry||-Grosses Gewächs (GG) comes from a Grosse Lage
Which river is adjacent to the village of Nierstein?
Rhine||-historically associated with quality winegrowing in the Rheinhessen: the Roter Hang on the left bank of the Rhine between the villages of Nierstein and Nackenheim.
Which river is adjacent to the village of Schlossbockelheim?
Upper Nahe river
Which river is adjacent to the village of Nackenheim?
Rhine||-historically associated with quality winegrowing in the Rheinhessen: the Roter Hang on the left bank of the Rhine between the villages of Nierstein and Nackenheim.
What is the length of time after Kabinett harvest is declared before Spätlese harvest may begin?
7 days
What is the difference between Erzeugerabfüllung and Gutsabfullung?
Erzeugerabfüllung - producer bottled so co-ops and negotiants may use the term. ||Gutsabfullung - estate bottled but only winemakers with a diploma in oenology may use the term.
What is the German term that means “producer bottled”?
Erzeugerabfüllung||-so co-ops and negotiants may use the term. ||Gutsabfullung - estate bottled but only winemakers with a diploma in oenology may use the term.
What is the German term that means “estate bottled”?
Gutsabfullung||-only winemakers with a diploma in oenology may use the term.||-Erzeugerabfüllung - producer bottled so co-ops and negotiants may use the term.
Which German producers are allowed to use the term “Gutsabfullung” when labeling their estate bottled wines?
Only winemakers with a diploma in oenology may use the term.
Is chapitalization legal for Prädikatswein?
No||-but it is for Qualitätswein
What is the name of an early-ripening strain of Pinot Noir grown in Franken?
Frühburgunder
How are the slates of Urziger Würzgarten and Wehlener Sonnenühr different?
Urziger Würzgarten - Red Slate|Wehlener Sonnenühr - Blue Devonian slate
Why do some German producers use cold, pre-fermentation skin contact for Riesling?
-Extract phenolic content |-Naturally raise pH
Where does Germany rank in worldwide sparkling wine production?
3rd
When was the term Sekt adopted?
After the Treaty of Versailles in 1919
What is Winzersekt?
Germany’s best single-varietal, estate-grown sparkling wines.||-Germany’s attempt to define high quality Sekt. This style of Sekt is most commonly made with the Riesling varietal, although it’s possible to find them produced of Chardonnay, Pinot Gris, Pinot Blanc, and even Pinot Noir (as rosé).||-In Austria, the corresponding term is Hauersekt.
What term is used to show Germany’s attempt to define high quality Sekt?
Winzersekt||-In Austria, the corresponding term is Hauersekt.
Which forest separates the Mosel from the Nahe?
Hünsruck Hochwald
What was the name of the Post-War campaign to re-organize Germany’s vineyards and reduce the number from over 30,000 to less than 3,000?
Flurbereinigung||-German word best translated as land consolidation.
Which early-ripening German red hybrid has spread to cover almost 2,000 hectares, but this is not a grape for quality German red wines?
Regent||-first authorized for planting in 1996|-Diana x Chambourcin
Diana x Chambourcin were used to make which early-ripening German red hybrid that has spread to cover almost 2,000 hectares?
Regent
What is the parentage of the Regent hybrid that was first authorized for planting in 1996 and has spread to cover almost 2,000 hectares?
Diana x Chambourcin
Where is the Regent hybrid grape commonly planted?
Germany||-first authorized for planting in 1996, has actually spread to cover almost 2,000 hectares, but this is not a grape for quality German red wines of the future.
Sachsen is well known for which aromatic crossing developed in Alsace?
Goldriesling||-local specialty|-created in 1893 by Christian Oberlin in Colmar, Alsace by crossing Riesling with another grape variety, which is sometimes given as Courtillier Musqué Précoce, but not identified conclusively.
What is the dominant grape in Obermosel and Moseltor?
Elbling
What is the most planted red grape in the Nahe?
Dornfelder||-446 hectares.
What are the most planted red and white grapes in the Pfalz?
Dornfelder & Riesling
What percentage of Rheingau vineyards is planted to Riesling?
80%
What is the most planted red grape in the Rheingau?
Spätburgunder
What is the largest anbaugebiete of Germany?
Rheinhessen
When was Mosel-Saar-Ruwer shortened to Mosel?
2007
Name three German vineyards that are allowed to be smaller than the mandated 5 hectares.
Bernkasteler Doctor||Forster Kirchenstück|Forster Freundstück||Schloss Vollrads|||-There are only a few exceptions to this mandated minimum size today, including the Doctor vineyard in Bernkastel—whose three proprietors successfully petitioned to have the expanded boundaries shrunk to three hectares in 1984.
What are the two vineyards in Pfalz village of Forst that are exceptions to the size restriction rules of 1971?
Forster Kirchenstück|Forster Freundstück
What is the vineyard in the Mosel village of Bernkastel that is an exception to the size restriction rules of 1971?
Bernkasteler Doctor
What is the vineyard in the Rheingau that is an exception to the size restriction rules of 1971?
Schloss Vollrads||-ortsteil vineyard in Rheingau
What is an “ortsteil”?
A vineyard in Germany so famous that its village name is not attached|*|And a German term referring to an area that’s part of a larger commuity (as a suburb is of a city), yet is independent of that larger community. ||For example, the village of Erbach is an Ortsteil of Eltville. Esteemed vineyards like Schloss Johannisberg and Steinberg are classified as Ortsteil; therefore, unlike other vineyards, they aren’t required to put the name of their village (the larger community) on bottle labels.
Why would some German producers not have to put the name of the village on a single-vineyard wine?
If the vineyard is classified as an “ortsteil”||-A vineyard in Germany so famous that its village name is not attached.|*|And a German term referring to an area that’s part of a larger commuity (as a suburb is of a city), yet is independent of that larger community. ||For example, the village of Erbach is an Ortsteil of Eltville. Esteemed vineyards like Schloss Johannisberg and Steinberg are classified as Ortsteil; therefore, unlike other vineyards, they aren’t required to put the name of their village (the larger community) on bottle labels.
Name the 4 ortsteil vineyards of the Rheingau that happen to also be Alleinbesitz.
Schloss Vollrads (Schloss Vollrads)|Schloss Johannisberg (Schloss Johannisberg)|Schloss Reichartshausen (Balthasar Ress)|Steinberg (Kloster Eberbach)||-All 4 ortsteils are Alleinbesitz||-A vineyard in Germany so famous that its village name is not attached.|*|And a German term referring to an area that’s part of a larger commuity (as a suburb is of a city), yet is independent of that larger community. ||For example, the village of Erbach is an Ortsteil of Eltville. Esteemed vineyards like Schloss Johannisberg and Steinberg are classified as Ortsteil; therefore, unlike other vineyards, they aren’t required to put the name of their village (the larger community) on bottle labels.
Who owns the entirety of the Schloss Reichartshausen vineyard in the Rheingau?
Balthasar Ress
Balthasar Ress owns the entirety of which vineyard in the Rheingau?
Schloss Reichartshausen
Who founded Kloster Eberbach and when?
Bernard of Clairvaulx in 1136||-Rheingau|-the first Cistercian monastery on the east bank of the Rhein, on the site of a failed Benedictine settlement.
Which Rheingau producer is associated with the first Cistercian monastery on the east bank of the Rhein founded in 1136?
Kloster Eberbach
What is the name of the alleinbesitz vineyard of Kloster Eberbach and what commune is it in?
Steinberg vineyard within the commune of Hattenheim||-monks’ centerpiece and remains wholly intact today—an alleinbesitz of Kloster Eberbach for over 8 centuries.
Which producer is the alleinbesitz owner of the Steinberg vineyard within the commune of Hattenheim?
Kloster Eberbach
How many einzellagen were remaining in Germany after after the 1971 classification and what was the minimum vineyard size?
30,000 einzellagen were condensed into 2,600 registered vineyards||-each with a minimum size of 5 ha.
When were Spätlese, Auslese and Eiswein respectively discovered?
Spätlese 1775 (Schloss Johannisberg)|-in the Rheingau found that, despite their appearance, grapes afflicted with edelfäule made good wine. ||-The estate followed with the introduction of the Auslese category in 1787 and the first Eiswein in 1858.
Which producer is credited with the first Spätlese wine in 1775?
Schloss Johannisberg
When was the Geisenheim Wine Institute founded?
1872||-developed a number of hardier grape crossings that would ripen in greater abundance
Where was Müller-Thurgau created in 1882?
Geisenheim Wine Institute
When was the Dornfelder crossing created?
1956||-crossing of Helfensteiner x Heroldrebe |-most prominent German red crossing
What are the maximum VDP yields for Grosse Lage, Erste Lage, Ortswein, and Gutswein after the 2012 vintage?
Grosse Lage: 50 hl/ha|Erste Lage 60 hl/ha|Ortswein 75 hl/ha|Gutswein 75 hl/ha
Johannisberg is the only Bereich of which German Anbaugebiet?
Rheingau
What is the most important teinturier grape of Germany and where is it most likely to be found?
Dornfelder|-has red juice (teinturier).|-most cultivated red grape in both Pfalz, Rheinhessen (in each case it is 13% of their total plantings.), and Nahe
In what year did Hungary become one of the first in modern Europe to undergo a vineyard classification?
1700|-the Transylvanian Prince Rákóczy delimited 28 villages in the region, inaugurating a golden age for the wine that would last through the next two centuries.|-Some sources alternatively date Tokaj’s classification to 1730, with a final legal recognition in 1772
What was the name of the prince who in 1700 made Hungary become one of the first in modern Europe to undergo a vineyard classification?
Prince Rákóczy|-the Transylvanian Prince Rákóczy delimited 28 villages in the region, inaugurating a golden age for the wine that would last through the next two centuries.||-was a Hungarian nobleman and leader of the Hungarian uprising against the Habsburgs in 1703-11 as the prince (fejedelem) of the Estates Confederated for Liberty of the Kingdom of Hungary. He was also Prince of Transylvania, an Imperial Prince, and a member of the Order of the Golden Fleece. Today he is considered a national hero in Hungary.
What are Aszú grapes?
Indicate grapes of high sugar levels afflicted with botrytis cinerea—the noble rot.||-the term originally signified desiccated grapes
Who is known to have definitively produced botrytis-affected aszú wine by the mid-17th century?
Laczkó Máté Szepsi|-According to legend, the first aszú was made by Laczkó Máté Szepsi in 1630. However, mention of wine made from aszú grapes had already appeared in the Nomenklatura of Fabricius Balázs Sziksai which was completed in 1576. A recently discovered inventory of aszú predates this reference by five years.
Aszú appears in works published as early as what year?
1571|-Thus, the aszú wines of Tokaj predated the botrytised wines of Germany, and probably Sauternes as well.
Which two popes are possibly the one who declared about Tokaji, “These wines are fit for a pope”?
Pope Julius III|Pope Pius IV
Which king of France is known to have praised Tokaji by declaring, “wine of kings and king of wines”?
King Louis XIV
Which Russian leader enjoyed Tokaji so emphatically that she left a permanent detachment of her Cossack guard in Tokaj to guard royal shipments?
Catherine the Great of Russia
Which Queen of England received an annual birthday gift of a dozen bottles of Tokaji, courtesy of the Austro-Hungarian Emperor?
Queen Victoria of England
Which Tokaji estates are leading the way in the resurgence since the fall of communism?
Royal Tokaji Company|Vega Sicilia’s Tokaj Oremus|Disznókõ|Királyudvar
Which mountains shelter the Tokaj region?
Carpathian Mountains
Which two rivers fork within the Tokaj region?
Bodrog|Tisza
Describe the soil in the Tokaj region.
predominantly volcanic loess and clay
Rákóczy’s original classification divided the vineyards of Tokaj and its neighboring villages into how many “growths” categories?
1st, 2nd, and 3rd growths||-remains relevant today through the efforts of the Tokaj Renaissance, a producers’ association devoted to the protection of the concept.
Which two vineyards share the superlative designation of Great First Growths in Tokaj?
Szarvas |Mézes Mály (MAIZE-esh my)
How many vineyards are recognized as first growths in Tokaj?
74 |-Szarvas and Mézes Mály, near the communes of Tokaj and Tarcal, respectively, share the superlative designation of Great First Growths
What are the two principal grapes of the Tokaj region?
Furmint (Foor-mint)|Hárslevelű||-Sárgamuskotály (Muscat Blanc à Petite Grains), Zéta (Oremus), Kabar and Kövérszőlő are authorized but generally used in small quantities.
What is the Hungarian name for Muscat Blanc à Petite Grains?
Sárgamuskotály
What are the containers traditionally called that were used to collect the aszú grapes?
puttony|-puttonyos is an adjective rather than the plural form|-hold roughly 25 kg
How many kilograms of grapes does a traditional puttony typically hold?
roughly 25 kg
Describe what “Esszencia” is in Tokaj.
Richer than honey, the wine retains at least 450 grams per liter of residual sugar. It is made with the free run juice from the aszú grapes ferments at a glacial pace, sometimes taking decades to reach 4-6% alcohol.||-the preferred Tokaji of the czars
Once the free-run juice is separated from the must, explain the rest of the process of making Tokaji wine.
The aszú is then trampled into a paste, or dough, and a number of puttony containing aszú paste is mixed with gönci barrels of must or base wine from non-aszú grapes. The number of puttony added to a gönc (a Hungarian oak cask of approximately 136 L) determines the final sweetness of the Tokaji Aszú wine.||-the base wine could be from another vintage of freshly pressed and unfermented must!
What are gönci barrels?
A Hungarian oak cask of approximately 136 L
What are 136L barrels called in Tokaj?
gönci||-136L barrels
When were the 3-6 puttonyos indicators removed from labels in Tokaj?
In time for the 2013 harvest
What is the minimum amount of sugar required for Tokaj Aszú?
120 g/l of residual sugar
What is the minimum alcohol content of Tokaj Aszú?
9%
What are the aging requirements for Tokaj Aszú?
3 years |-with a minimum 18 months in barrel||**Aszúeszencia and Aszú 3/4/5/6 Puttonyos wines must be aged for a minimum 3 years prior to release, including at least 2 years in barrel.
What is another name for Esszencia?
Natúresszencia
What is “Tokaji Szamorodni”?
Szamorodni means “as it comes” and is produced from a mixture of aszú and non-aszú grapes and is often oxidative in style as it is matured in cask for a minimum of two years—sometimes under a film-forming yeast similar to flor. Szamorodni wines may be édes (sweet) or száras (dry).||In years that produce only few noble rotten berries, selecting those berries manually would not be economical. In that case, berries are processed as they were harvested, without any selection. However, a certain quantity of Aszú berries is obligatory for the Szamorodni. So, this wine is made from intire grape bunches which are partially affected by botrytis cinerea. Depending on their proportion, the resulting wine will be either a dry or a sweet Szamorodni. A sweet Szamorodni contains at least 30 grams of residual sugar per liter. The denomination of Szamorodni has its seeds in Polish language, meaning „as grown.” Dry Szamorodni can be best compared with a dry version of Sherry, or a Vin Jaune, which makes him an excellent aperitif wine.||What sets Szamorodni apart from ordinary wines is that it is made from bunches of grapes which contain a high proportion of botrytised grapes. Szamorodni is typically higher in alcohol than ordinary wine. Szamorodni often contains up to 100-120 g of residual sugar and thus is termed édes (sweet). However, when the bunches contain less botrytised grapes, the residual sugar content is much lower, resulting in a száraz (dry) wine. Its alcohol content is typically 14%
What is the Hungarian word for “sweet”?
édes
What is the Hungarian word for “dry”?
száras
What does “édes” mean in English?
sweet
What does “száras” mean in English?
dry
Who is the Hungarian winemaker who is a key figure in the movement to improve both the quality and the public perception of dry wine from Tokaj?
István Szepsy||-key figure in the establishment of Hugh Johnson’s Royal Tokaji Company and Királyudvar, is a founding member of the Circle of Mád, a small contingent of producers committed to elevating the stature of dry wines in the region.
In what year were all other countries in the European Union prohibited from using the term “Tokaj” or its derivatives (Tokay, Tocai) on labels?
2007|- Alsatian producers lost the right to produce Pinot Gris as Tokay d’Alsace and Italian producers rechristened Tocai Friulano as simply Friulano.
What areas of Europe were affected by the 2007 ruling to prohibit the term “Tokaj” or its derivatives (Tokay, Tocai) on labels?
-Alsatian producers lost the right to produce Pinot Gris as Tokay d’Alsace|-Italian producers rechristened Tocai Friulano as simply Friulano
Name the 8 styles of wine that are allowed to be produced in the Tokaj PDO.
Eszencia|Aszúeszencia **|Aszú |Aszú 3/4/5/6 puttonyos **|Szamorodni (száraz or édes) - dry or sweet|Fordítás (száraz or édes) - dry or sweet|Máslás (száraz or édes) - dry or sweet|Késői szüretelésű bor - late harvest wines|Fehér bor - white table wines|Pezsgő - sparkling wines||*These categories were abolished from the 2013 vintage forward|** The Aszú category was added for the 2013 vintage.
What is the required minimum residual sugar for “Eszencia” in the Tokaj PDO?
450 g/l
What is the required minimum residual sugar for “Aszú” in the Tokaj PDO?
min. 120 g/l
What is the required minimum residual sugar for “Aszúeszencia” in the Tokaj PDO?
180 g/l||***These categories were abolished from the 2013 vintage forward
What is the required minimum residual sugar for “Aszú 6 puttonyos” in the Tokaj PDO?
150 g/l||***These categories were abolished from the 2013 vintage forward
What is the required minimum residual sugar for “Aszú 5 puttonyos” in the Tokaj PDO?
120 g/l||***These categories were abolished from the 2013 vintage forward
What is the required minimum residual sugar for “Aszú 4 puttonyos” in the Tokaj PDO?
90 g/l||***These categories were abolished from the 2013 vintage forward
What is the required minimum residual sugar for “Aszú 3 puttonyos” in the Tokaj PDO?
60 g/l||***These categories were abolished from the 2013 vintage forward
What is the required maximum residual sugar for “Szamorodni “száraz”” in the Tokaj PDO?
9 g/l
What is the required minimum residual sugar for “Szamorodni “édes”” in the Tokaj PDO?
45 g/l
What is the required maximum residual sugar for “Fordítás “száraz”” in the Tokaj PDO?
9 g/l
What is the required minimum residual sugar for “Fordítás “édes”” in the Tokaj PDO?
45 g/l
What is the required maximum residual sugar for “Máslás “száraz”” in the Tokaj PDO?
9 g/l
What is the required minimum residual sugar for “Máslás “édes”” in the Tokaj PDO?
45 g/l
Describe what the “Fordítás” style of Tokaji is and how it is made.
Fordítás: (meaning “turning over” in Hungarian), wine made by pouring must on aszú dough which has already been used to make aszú wine.
Describe what the “Máslás” style of Tokaji is and how it is made.
Máslás: (derived from the word “copy” in Hungarian), wine made by pouring must on the lees of aszú.
Describe what “Aszúeszencia” is.
The term Aszú Eszencia or Aszúeszencia is known since the early 19th century. The making of Aszú Eszencia is the same as that for the Aszú. The quality level is not indicated anymore by the number of puttonyos. It is much higher than the 6 puttonyos Aszú. The Aszú Eszencia has more than 180 g/l of residual sugar content, so it can be seen as a 7 or 8 puttonyos Aszú. An Aszú Eszencia with a residual sugar content of 300 g/l (which can rarely be found) would equate with a 10 puttonyos Aszú. Aszú Eszencia was introduced as an official quality level during the communist era in the 1970s, as a transition between Aszú and Essencia. However, since wine consumers still confuse Aszú Eszencia with Essencia, the Hungarian authorities decided to dispose this denomination. The vintage 2009 will be the last one which will bring Aszú Eszencia on the market.
What is sparkling wine made in the traditional method called in Hungary?
Pezsgő||-only made in the traditional method
What is white table wine called in Hungary?
Fehér bor
What is standard late-harvest wine called in Hungary?
Késői szüretelésű bor
What does “Pezsgő” mean in Hungarian?
Traditional Method Sparkling wine
What does “Fehér bor” mean in Hungarian?
white table wine
What does “Késői szüretelésű bor” mean in Hungarian?
late-harvest wine
What are the actual alcohol requirements for for Eszencia?
1.2-8.0%|-min. potential alc. is 27.75%
What is the minimum pressure for Pezsgő wine made in Tokaji PDO?
3.5 bars||-Hungarian sparkling wines made in the traditional method.
What are the aging requirements for the Szamorodni, Máslás and Fordítás styles of Tokaji wine?
Wines must be aged for a minimum 2 years prior to release, including at least 1 year in barrel.
What are the aging requirements for Tokaj Aszúeszencia and Aszú 3/4/5/6 Puttonyos wines?||**major revisions eliminated these categories in time for the 2013 harvest. Modern Tokaj Aszú is simply labeled “Aszú”
Aszúeszencia and Aszú 3/4/5/6 Puttonyos wines must be aged for a minimum 3 years prior to release, including at least 2 years in barrel.||***These categories were abolished from the 2013 vintage forward
Which region of Hungary is famous for Egri Bikavér—the “Bull’s Blood”?
Eger PDO|-Historically dominated by Kadarka—an indigenous, low-tannin, light-bodied and not particularly sanguine grape—modern Egri Bikavér is a blend of at least three varieties, incorporating Kékfrankos (Blaufränkisch), and other Hungarian and international grapes.
Both Eger PDO and Tokaj PDO belong to which of the three major geographical zones of Hungarian wine production?
Észak Magyarország||-North Hungary
What is the only PDO, besides Eger, that is allowed to use the term “Bikavér” on their wine labels?
Szekszárd |-in the Transdanubia region|-Bikavér->Bull’s Blood|-Other regions in Transdanubia include Badacsony and Balatonfüred-Csopak on the shores of Lake Balaton, one of Europe’s largest lakes
Historically which grape dominated the Egri Bikavér blend from the Eger PDO?
Kadarka|-an indigenous, low-tannin, light-bodied and not particularly sanguine grape|-modern Egri Bikavér is a blend of at least three varieties, incorporating Kékfrankos (Blaufränkisch), and other Hungarian and international grapes.
Which of the three major geographical zones of production has a majority of Hungary’s acreage under vine?
Duna (Danube/Great Plain)||-the region’s sandy soils provided a welcome habitat after phylloxera struck in the 19th century. Most of the wines of this region are of everyday quality and are consumed locally.
How many liters of finished Aszú or Fordítás wine can be made from 100 kg of aszú berries or paste?
220L
True or false, Aszú grapes must be harvested by hand?
TRUE
What are the max. yields for Eszencia in tons/ha?
2 tons/ha
What are the max. yields for Aszú in tons/ha?
10 tons/ha, 70 hl/ha
What are the max. yields for Fehér bor?
14 tons/ha, 100 hl/ha
What are the max. yields for Pezsgő?
14 tons/ha, 100 hl/ha száraz
What does “száraz” mean?
dry
What does “édes” mean?
sweet
What is the Hungarian word for dry?
száraz
What is the Hungarian word for sweet?
édes
What is Fordítás?
A style of Tokaji||- product of refermenting wine with the pressed paste||-Száraz (dry) or édes (sweet)|-Máslás is with lees
What is Máslás?
A style of Tokaji|- Re-fermenting new wine/ must poured on aszú lees|- Száraz (dry) or édes (sweet)
István Szepsy is a founding member of which small contingent of producers committed to elevating the stature of dry wines in the region?
Circle of Mád
What is Circle of Mád?
A small contingent of producers committed to elevating the stature of dry wines in the Tokaj region.
Where are the Bodrog and Tisza rivers?
Tokaj||In the northeastern corner of Hungary, at the confluence of the Tisza and Bodrog Rivers, producers in the Tokaj region (formerly Tokaj-Hegyalja, or the Tokaj “foothills”) have long been crafting some of Europe’s most exemplary and longest-lived dessert wines.
The Bodrog and Tisza rivers are associated with which wine region?
Tokaj||In the northeastern corner of Hungary, at the confluence of the Tisza and Bodrog Rivers, producers in the Tokaj region (formerly Tokaj-Hegyalja, or the Tokaj “foothills”) have long been crafting some of Europe’s most exemplary and longest-lived dessert wines.
The Carpathian Mountains are associated with which wine region?
Tokaj
Which producers’ association is devoted to the protection of Rákóczy’s original classification of Tokaj?
Tokaj Renaissance||-which divided the vineyards of Tokaj and its neighboring villages into 1st, 2nd, and 3rd growths
What is the Tokaj Renaissance?
A producers’ association devoted to the protection of Rákóczy’s original classification of Tokaj.
What are the 2 vineyards of Tokaj that share the superlative designation of Great First Growths within Rákóczy’s original classification of Tokaj?
Szarvas|Mézes Mály (MAIZE-esh my)||-74 vineyards are recognized as first growths; Szarvas and Mézes Mály, near the communes of Tokaj and Tarcal, respectively, share the superlative designation of Great First Growths.
What are the vineyards of Szarvas and Mézes Mály famous for?
They share the superlative designation of Great First Growths within Rákóczy’s original classification of Tokaj||-74 vineyards are recognized as first growths; Szarvas and Mézes Mály, near the communes of Tokaj and Tarcal, respectively, share the superlative designation of Great First Growths.
What are the 6 authorized grape varieties for the Tokaj PDO?
Furmint (Foor-mint)|Hárslevelű|Kabar|Kövérszőlő|Sárgamuskotály (Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains)|Zéta||-Sárgamuskotály (Muscat Blanc à Petite Grains), Zéta (Oremus), Kabar and Kövérszőlő are authorized but generally used in small quantities.
What is Sárgamuskotály?
The Hungarian name for the Muscat Blanc à Petite Grains grape.
How is Esszencia made?
Made from the free-run juice that is allowed to settle out of the aszú must—this will be vinified separately as Esszencia.
What is the name of the free-run juice that is allowed to settle out of the aszú must and is vinified separately?
Esszencia
How many liters does a gönc hold?
136 L||-a Hungarian oak cask|-The number of puttony added to a gönc determines the final sweetness of the Tokaji Aszú wine
What is the name of the Hungarian wine produced from a mixture of aszú and non-aszú grapes and is often oxidative in style?
Tokaji Szamorodni (“as it comes”)
Which Hungarian wine’s name translates to “as it comes”?
Tokaji Szamorodni ||-wine produced from a mixture of aszú and non-aszú grapes and is often oxidative in style
What is István Szepsy known for?
Being a key figure in the establishment of Hugh Johnson’s Royal Tokaji Company and Királyudvar.
What are the 3 general wine regions of Hungary?
Észak Magyarország (North Hungary)|Duna (Danube/Great Plain)|Dunántúl (Transdanubia)||-30 PDOs|-5 additional PGI areas|-These are divided among three major geographical zones of production: North Hungary, the western region of Transdanubia, and the southern Great Plain
Where is Észak Magyarország?
In northern Hungary and is the home of the Tokaj and Eger wine regions.
What are the 5 PDOs of the Észak Magyarország region of Hungary?
Bükk PDO|Debrői Hárslevelű PDO|Eger PDO|Mátra PDO|Tokaj PDO
Mátra, Debrői Hárslevelű, and Bükk are the PDOs of which Hungarian region?
Észak Magyarország||-along with Tokaj PDO & Eger PDO
Which Hungarian wine region on the northwestern border of the country is contiguous with Austria’s Burgenland region?
Sopron||-Kékfrankos is cultivated on both sides of the border.
The Hungarian Sopron PDO is contiguous with which Austrian region?
Burgenland
Tokaji’s Cladosporium cellare is what type of organism?
Mold||-Dry Szamorodni is currently a rarer style. It isn’t just fermented to dryness but also introduces Cladosporium cellare (a special cellar mold), and in some cases, a yeast veil (flor) develops over the top of the wine. These yeasts are specific to Tokaj’s volcanic cellars, and the evaporation rate is also the reverse of dry cellars, in that alcohol evaporates without water loss so the wines lose a small percentage of alcohol each year.
What is Cladosporium cellare?
A special cellar mold found in Tokaj.||-Dry Szamorodni is currently a rarer style. It isn’t just fermented to dryness but also introduces Cladosporium cellare (a special cellar mold), and in some cases, a yeast veil (flor) develops over the top of the wine. These yeasts are specific to Tokaj’s volcanic cellars, and the evaporation rate is also the reverse of dry cellars, in that alcohol evaporates without water loss so the wines lose a small percentage of alcohol each year.
What is Hungary called in its native Hungarian language?
Magyarország
What two regions of Hungary can legally produce Bikavér?
Eger|Szekszárd
Eger and Szekszárd are the only two Hungarian regions allowed to produce what style of wine?
Bikavér
What is the term for the expansive flatlands cradled between the Alps and the Carpathian Mountains?
Pannonian Plain
What is the style of wine made in Tokaj where the wine is made by pouring must on aszú dough which has already been used to make aszú wine?
Forditás
What is the style of wine made in Tokaj where the wine is made by pouring must on the lees of aszú?
Máslás
What is the difference between Forditás and Máslás?
Forditás - made by pouring must on aszú dough|Máslás - made by pouring must on the lees of aszú
What is the Hungarian synonym for Welschriesling?
Olasz Rizling
What is the Hungarian synonym for Pinot Gris?
Szürkebarát
What is Szürkebarát?
Hungarian synonym for Pinot Gris
What is Olasz Rizling?
Hungarian synonym for Welschriesling
Which category in the Tokaj PDO was abolished in 2009?
Aszú Eszencia or Aszúeszencia
When was the Aszúeszencia category abolished in the Tokaj PDO?
2009 was the last vintage
What style of Tokaj has the highest minimum actual alcohol requirement?
Szamorodni
What style of Tokaj has the highest minimum potential alcohol requirement?
Eszencia
Why were the 2009-2012 difficult vintages in Tokaj?
Botrytis drought
Which string of vintages was poor in Tokaj because there was botrytis drought?
2009-2012||*also |2015|2016
Name some first growths of Tokaj.
Oremus|Disznókö|Kiraly|Lapis|Szt. Tamás (SENT tahm-ash)|Betsek (bet-CHEK)|*|-Disznókö is situated on the southern side of a Perlite-hillock, with open faces to west and east.||-According to the legend, the first aszú wine from botrytized grapes was produced from the Oremus vineyard. By most accounts, that happened around 1620.||-Betsek and Szt. Tamás were owned by Prince Rakoczi I
What are the 2 PGI regions of Észak Magyarország?
Felső-magyarországi PGI|Zemplén PGI||*Northern Hungary
Where is the Bükk PDO?
Észak Magyarország||-North Hungary
Where is the Debrői Hárslevelű PDO?
Észak Magyarország||-North Hungary
Where is the Mátra PDO?
Észak Magyarország||-North Hungary
Felső-magyarországi is a PGI zone of which Hungarian region?
Észak Magyarország||-North Hungary
Zemplén is a PGI zone of which Hungarian region?
Észak Magyarország||-North Hungary
The Felső-magyarországi PGI zone of Észak Magyarország covers which Hungarian PDOs?
Bükk|Mátra|Eger
Bükk PDO, Mátra PDO, and Eger PDO are within which PGI zone of Észak Magyarország?
Felső-magyarországi PGI
The Eger PDO is best known for which two styles of wine?
Bikavér - “bull’s blood” (Red)|-including 30-50% Kékfrankos|-No single variety may be less than 5% or more than 50% of the total blend||Csillag - “Star” (White)
Bikavér - “bull’s blood” from the Eger PDO must be a blend of at least how many grapes?
4|-including 30-50% Kékfrankos||-No single variety may be less than 5% or more than 50% of the total blend||Authorized varieties include Kékoportó, Kadarka, Blauburger, Zweigelt, Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Menoire, Syrah, and a combined maximum 10% Turán and Bíborkadarka. ||“Superior” and “Grand Superior” wines allow a combined maximum of 30% Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc, a maximum of 5% Turán
Bikavér - “bull’s blood” from the Eger PDO is required to be what percentage of Kékfrankos?
30-50% ||-No single variety may be less than 5% or more than 50% of the total blend||Authorized varieties include Kékoportó, Kadarka, Blauburger, Zweigelt, Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Menoire, Syrah, and a combined maximum 10% Turán and Bíborkadarka. ||“Superior” and “Grand Superior” wines allow a combined maximum of 30% Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc, a maximum of 5% Turán
Bikavér - “bull’s blood” from the Eger PDO requires 30-50% of which grape?
Kékfrankos||-No single variety may be less than 5% or more than 50% of the total blend||Authorized varieties include Kékoportó, Kadarka, Blauburger, Zweigelt, Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Menoire, Syrah, and a combined maximum 10% Turán and Bíborkadarka. ||“Superior” and “Grand Superior” wines allow a combined maximum of 30% Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc, a maximum of 5% Turán
No single variety in Bikavér - “bull’s blood” from the Eger PDO may be less than what percentage or more than what percentage of the total blend?
No single variety may be less than 5% or more than 50% of the total blend||-including 30-50% Kékfrankos
What is the minimum amount of Kékfrankos in Bikavér - “bull’s blood” from the Eger PDO?
30%||-max. 50%||-No single variety may be less than 5% or more than 50% of the total blend||Authorized varieties include Kékoportó, Kadarka, Blauburger, Zweigelt, Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Menoire, Syrah, and a combined maximum 10% Turán and Bíborkadarka. ||“Superior” and “Grand Superior” wines allow a combined maximum of 30% Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc, a maximum of 5% Turán
What is the maximum amount of Kékfrankos in Bikavér - “bull’s blood” from the Eger PDO?
50%||-min. 30%||-No single variety may be less than 5% or more than 50% of the total blend||Authorized varieties include Kékoportó, Kadarka, Blauburger, Zweigelt, Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Menoire, Syrah, and a combined maximum 10% Turán and Bíborkadarka. ||“Superior” and “Grand Superior” wines allow a combined maximum of 30% Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc, a maximum of 5% Turán
What are some of the international grapes that are permitted in Bikavér - “bull’s blood” from the Eger PDO?
Cabernet Franc|Cabernet Sauvignon|Merlot|Pinot Noir|Syrah|*|Kékoportó|Kadarka|Blauburger|Zweigelt|Menoire|-combined maximum 10% Turán and Bíborkadarka
What are some of the Hungarian grapes that are permitted in Bikavér - “bull’s blood” from the Eger PDO other than Kékfrankos?
Kékoportó|Kadarka|Blauburger|Zweigelt|Menoire|-combined maximum 10% Turán and Bíborkadarka|*|Cabernet Franc|Cabernet Sauvignon|Merlot|Pinot Noir|Syrah
How many grapes are permitted in Bikavér - “bull’s blood” from the Eger PDO?
13||Kékfrankos|Cabernet Franc|Cabernet Sauvignon|Merlot|Pinot Noir|Syrah||Kékoportó|Kadarka|Blauburger|Zweigelt|Menoire|-combined maximum 10% Turán and Bíborkadarka
Briefly explain the legend as to how Bikavér - “bull’s blood” got its name.
According to legend, the name originates from the invasion of Suleiman the Magnificent around 1552.|”To motivate and support the small group of soldiers during the Siege of Eger castle they were served delicious food and a lot of red wine. Among the Turkish soldiers it was rumored that bull’s blood was mixed into the red wine, as otherwise the strength and firm resistance of the town and castle of Eger could not be explained. Finally the enemy gave up.”
Kadarka is historically associated with which style of wine?
Bikavér - “bull’s blood” from the Eger PDO||-now instead the wine is dominated by Kékfrankos, but the grape is still authorized.
Other than Bikavér - “bull’s blood” what are the other two styles of red wine permitted in the Eger PDO?
Siller - pale red|Vörös - red||*Bíborkadarka, Kékoportó, Blauburger, Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Kadarka, Kékfrankos, Menoire, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Syrah, Turán, Zweigelt (Bíborkadarka may not be used for “Superior” wines)||-same grapes for Rozé
What are the maceration requirements for the 3 styles of Bikavér - “bull’s blood” from the Eger PDO?
Bikavér: maceration of at least 8 days||”Superior” & “Grand Superior”: 14 days
What is Egri Csillag?
Eger PDO “Star of Eger”||-must be a blend of at least 4 grape varieties||-No variety less than 5% or more than 50% of the total||-50% of the blend must include Cserszegi fűszeres, Ezerfürtű, Furmint, Gyöngyrizling , Hárslevelű, Irsai Olivér, Juhfark, Kabar, Királyleányka, Leányka, Mátrai muskotály, Mézes, Olaszrizling, Zefír, Zenit, Zengő
Briefly explain the legend as to how Csillag - “Star of Eger” got its name.
Named for the lights emanating from the watchmen’s huts which stood on the northeastern borders of the city during the Turkish occupation of Hungary in the 16th and 17th centuries. ||-These lookouts marked the trade route leading north from the Great Plain to the Bükk Hills. The watchmen lit torches at night to help travelers find their way, thus guaranteeing safe passage through these dangerous lands.
Csillag - “Star of Eger” from the Eger PDO must be a blend of at least how many grapes?
4 grape varieties||-No variety less than 5% or more than 50% of the total||-50% of the blend must include Cserszegi fűszeres, Ezerfürtű, Furmint, Gyöngyrizling , Hárslevelű, Irsai Olivér, Juhfark, Kabar, Királyleányka, Leányka, Mátrai muskotály, Mézes, Olaszrizling, Zefír, Zenit, Zengő
Star of Eger is the nickname for which Hungarian wine?
Csillag|*|Eger PDO “Star of Eger”||-must be a blend of at least 4 grape varieties||-No variety less than 5% or more than 50% of the total||-50% of the blend must include Cserszegi fűszeres, Ezerfürtű, Furmint, Gyöngyrizling , Hárslevelű, Irsai Olivér, Juhfark, Kabar, Királyleányka, Leányka, Mátrai muskotály, Mézes, Olaszrizling, Zefír, Zenit, Zengő
When was the Csillag - “Star of Eger” style created for the Eger PDO?
2010|*|Eger PDO “Star of Eger”||-must be a blend of at least 4 grape varieties||-No variety less than 5% or more than 50% of the total||-50% of the blend must include Cserszegi fűszeres, Ezerfürtű, Furmint, Gyöngyrizling , Hárslevelű, Irsai Olivér, Juhfark, Kabar, Királyleányka, Leányka, Mátrai muskotály, Mézes, Olaszrizling, Zefír, Zenit, Zengő
What is the nickname for Egri Csillag?
Star of Eger|*|Eger PDO “Star of Eger”||-must be a blend of at least 4 grape varieties||-No variety less than 5% or more than 50% of the total||-50% of the blend must include Cserszegi fűszeres, Ezerfürtű, Furmint, Gyöngyrizling , Hárslevelű, Irsai Olivér, Juhfark, Kabar, Királyleányka, Leányka, Mátrai muskotály, Mézes, Olaszrizling, Zefír, Zenit, Zengő
Other than Bikavér - “bull’s blood” and Csillag - “Star”, what other styles of wine may be made under the Eger PDO?
Muskotály|Fehér - white|Rozé - rosé|Siller - pale red|Vörös - red|Superior késői szüretelésű bor - Late harvest wine||*All of the above styles except Muskotály may be labeled “Superior” if they meet the heightened alcohol levels and other requirements specified below.
What are some of the Hungarian grapes that are permitted in Csillag - “Star of Eger” from the Eger PDO?
Cserszegi fűszeres|Ezerfürtű|Furmint|Gyöngyrizling|Hárslevelű|Irsai Olivér|Juhfark|Kabar|Királyleányka|Leányka|Mátrai muskotály|Mézes|Olaszrizling|Zefír|Zenit|Zengő||-a complicated and potentially very variable blend based on Carpathian-basin varieties
What is the minimum potential alcohol for “Eszencia” from the Tokaj PDO?
27.75%||-actual is 1.2-8.0%|-min RS 450 g/l
What is the minimum potential alcohol for “Aszú” from the Tokaj PDO?
19%||-actual is 9%|-min. 120 g/l||-The Aszú category was added for the 2013 vintage
When was the Aszú category created for the Tokaj PDO?
2013
What categories in the Tokaj PDO were added and what categories were removed in 2013?
Add: |Aszú||Removed: |Aszúeszencia|Aszú 6|Aszú 5|Aszú 4|Aszú 3||*A producer may still choose to include an indication of puttonyos on the label, where wines with > 120 g/L residual sugar may be labeled as 3, 4, or 5 puttonyos and those with > 150 g/L residual sugar may be labeled 6 puttonyos.
Can a producer of Tokaj PDO still choose to include an indication of puttonyos on the label?
Yes||-Puttonyos labeling is permitted for marketing purposes only||-where wines with > 120 g/L residual sugar may be labeled as 3, 4, or 5 puttonyos and those with > 150 g/L residual sugar may be labeled 6 puttonyos.||-wines achieve the PDO designation though must weights and volume restrictions rather than the puttonyos method. Those who choose to are most likely doing so to ease the consumer into the new changes.
What are the 2 authorized grapes of the Tokaj PDO that start with a “k”?
Kabar|Kövérszőlő|*|Others|Furmint, Hárslevelű, Sárgamuskotály, Zéta
What is the authorized grape of the Tokaj PDO that start with a “H”?
Hárslevelű||-Furmint, Kabar, Kövérszőlő, Sárgamuskotály, Zéta
What is the authorized grape of the Tokaj PDO that start with a “S”?
Sárgamuskotály||-Furmint, Hárslevelű, Kabar, Kövérszőlő, Zéta
What is the authorized grape of the Tokaj PDO that start with a “Z”?
Zéta||-Furmint, Hárslevelű, Kabar, Kövérszőlő, Sárgamuskotály
A maximum of 220L of finished Aszú or Fordítás wine can be made from how many kg of aszú berries or paste?
100 kg
How different is the maximum yield requirement for Eszencia and Aszú styles in tons/ha?
Eszencia: 2 tons/ha|Aszú: 10 tons/ha
The Tokaj PDO used to be known by what name?
Tokaj-Hegyalja (“foothills of Tokaj”)
Where is the Zemplén Forest?
Tokaj PDO
What is the name of the forest that is associated with the Tokaj PDO?
Zemplén Forest
How many villages are in the Tokaj PDO?
27||-Tokaj is both the name of the appellation and one of the 27 villages within it.||-Abaújszántó, Bekecs, Bodrogkeresztúr, Bodrogkisfalud, Bodrogolaszi, Erdőbénye, Erdőhorváti, Golop, Hercegkút, Legyesbénye, Makkoshotyka, Mád, Mezőzombor, Monok, Olaszliszka, Rátka, Sárazsadány, Sárospatak, Sátoraljaújhely, Szegi, Szegilong, Szerencs, Tarcal, Tállya, Tokaj, Tolcsva, Vámosújfalu
What is the difference between “Tokaji” & “Tokaj”?
Tokaj refers to the region|Tokaji is the wine||-The “i” in Hungarian is possessive; it is correct to say either Aszú from Tokaj or Tokaji Aszú
Which river runs through the Tokaj PDO?
Bodrog||*The Bodrog runs alongside most villages and intersects with the Tisza in the village of Tokaj
Which PDO borders the Tokaj PDO to the southwest?
Bükk PDO
Tokaj’s deeper subsoil is mostly composed of what type of rock?
Tuff||-Tuff: An igneous rock that contains the debris from an explosive volcanic eruption. It often contains fragments of bedrock, tephra, and volcanic ash||-Due to 20 million years of volcanic activity||*with topsoil varying across the region. In grossly simplified terms, windblown loess dominates in the south and on Tokaj Hill, and a mixture of rock and clay locally called nyirok covers the rest.
Briefly describe the soil and bedrock of the Tokaj PDO.
Tokaj’s deeper subsoil is mostly tuff, with topsoil varying across the region. ||-Windblown loess dominates in the south and on Tokaj Hill||-mixture of rock and clay locally called nyirok covers the rest.
What is the local name for the mixture of rock and clay found in the northern area of the Tokaj PDO?
nyirok|*|Tokaj’s deeper subsoil is mostly tuff, with topsoil varying across the region. ||-Windblown loess dominates in the south and on Tokaj Hill||-mixture of rock and clay locally called nyirok covers the rest.
Where is “nyirok” soil found?
Mixture of rock and clay found in the northern area of the Tokaj PDO|*|Tokaj’s deeper subsoil is mostly tuff, with topsoil varying across the region. ||-Windblown loess dominates in the south and on Tokaj Hill||-mixture of rock and clay locally called nyirok covers the rest.
What is the area between the Bodrog and Tisza rivers called?
Bodrogköz (“land amidst the Bodrog”)||-Sparsely populated and prone to annual flooding, this region is the source of moisture that is then pushed towards the vineyards and protected from the northerly winds by the Zemplén Forest.
Who is often credited with the discovery of how to use botrytis cinerea in winemaking?
Szepsi Laczkó Máté||-In 1631, he fled his vineyards due to an impending battle with the Turks and returned to widespread botrytis. According to legend, he nonetheless went ahead with making wine, and sweet botrytized wine was born. ||*first mention of Aszú dates to 1571
Szepsi Laczkó Máté is often credited with what discovery and when?
How to use botrytis cinerea in winemaking.|-1631||-In 1631, he fled his vineyards due to an impending battle with the Turks and returned to widespread botrytis. According to legend, he nonetheless went ahead with making wine, and sweet botrytized wine was born. ||*first mention of Aszú dates to 1571
After Furmint, what are the second and third most important grapes of the Tokaj PDO?
Hárslevelű (Harsh-level-loo)|Sárgamuskotály (Sharga-moose-kah-tie)|-Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains
What are some of the important attributes of the Furmint grape that make it ideal for botrytized sweet wine?
Furmint has tightly packed clusters of medium-sized berries, ripens late, maintains high acidity, and is very prone to botrytis (thin skin). ||-The late ripening is key in building up sugar concentration, and the tight clusters spread botrytis efficiently.
Why is the Hárslevelű grape not as well suited to botrytized sweet wine compared to Furmint?
Hárslevelű has looser bunches and relatively thick skins.||-less prone to botrytis in the drier years|-Late ripening, aromatic (its name means “linden leaf”), and with elegant acidity
What is the Hungarian synonym for the Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains grape?
Sárgamuskotály (Sharga-moose-kah-tie)|-3rd most important grape in Tokaj
Sárgamuskotály is known by what name in France?
Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains|-3rd most important grape in Tokaj
Which Tokaji producer is associated with Hugh Johnson?
Royal Tokaji Wine Company|-was one of the first in the region
Which Tokaji producer is owned by AXA Millésimes?
Disznókő|-also owns l’Arlot
Name some of the French-owned Tokaji producers.
Disznókő (owned by AXA Millésimes)|Dereszla (CANA)|Château Pajzos (Jean-Louis Laborde)|Tokaj Hétszőlő (Grand Millésimes de France)||-In 1998, Clinet was purchased by Jean-Louis Laborde whose son, Ronan, took over managing the property in 2004.
What is the name of the village in the Tokaj PDO were the Bodrog and Tisza river split?
Tokaj
Name some of the prominent figures in the resurgence of the Tokaj region and which wineries they are associated with.
István Szepsy (Királyudvar)||Peter Molnár (Oremus)||János Árvay (Disznókő)|Stéphanie Berecz (Disznókő)||István Balassa (Royal Tokaji)|Károly Áts (Royal Tokaji)||Zoltán Demeter (Királyudvar)
What is the state-owned and largest producer of the Tokaj PDO?
Grand Tokaj (previously Tokaj Kereskedőház Zrt)
What are the two most famous first growths of Tokaji.
Oremus|Disznókö||-Disznókö is situated on the southern side of a Perlite-hillock, with open faces to west and east.||-According to the legend, the first aszú wine from botrytized grapes was produced from the Oremus vineyard. That happened around 1620.
The Oremus first growth vineyard of Tokaj is located in which village?
Sátoraljaújhely
The first growth vineyard of Tokaj means “Let us pray”?
Oremus||*The history of this vineyard in Sátoraljaújhely dates to at least the 13th century, when the Roman Catholic Pauline Order had established a cloister here. The name “Let us pray” suggests, that the Pauliners developed this vineyard in that period.||During the early 1500’s, the land was confiscated and became property of the landed nobility. According to the legend, the first aszú wine from botrytized grapes was produced from this vineyard. By most accounts, that happened around 1620. At that time, Zsuzsanna Lórántffy (1600-1660), the wife of Prince George Rákóczi I, had a large vineyard on Oremus under the direction of the Calvinist preacher László Maté Szepsi, who is today considered to be the inventor of the modern aszú wine.
According to the legend, the first aszú wine from botrytized grapes was produced from which vineyard in Tokaj?
Oremus|-1620||*The history of this vineyard in Sátoraljaújhely dates to at least the 13th century, when the Roman Catholic Pauline Order had established a cloister here. The name “Let us pray” suggests, that the Pauliners developed this vineyard in that period. ||During the early 1500’s, the land was confiscated and became property of the landed nobility. According to the legend, the first aszú wine from botrytized grapes was produced from this vineyard. By most accounts, that happened around 1620. At that time, Zsuzsanna Lórántffy (1600-1660), the wife of Prince George Rákóczi I, had a large vineyard on Oremus under the direction of the Calvinist preacher László Maté Szepsi, who is today considered to be the inventor of the modern aszú wine.
What is the minimum potential abv., actual abv., and minimum residual sugar for Aszú?
potential abv.: 19%|actual abv.: 9%|residual sugar: 120 g/l
What is the minimum potential abv., actual abv. range, and minimum residual sugar for Eszencia?
potential abv.: 27.75%|actual abv.: 1.2-8.0%|residual sugar: 450 g/l
What are some of the attributes of a great vintage for Tokaj?
-Dry hot summer||-Intermittent rain and cool nights||-Early ripening with botrytis onset in August or September||-Long harvest into October or November|*|2003|2006|2007|2013
What are some of the attributes of a poor vintage for Tokaj?
-Too late ripening||-Too dry - No botrytis||-Cool summers||-Rainy harvest|*|2004|’09-‘12|2014|2015
What 3 vintages have proven to be the best for the Tokaj PDO since its reemergence in the early 90’s?
2000|1999|1993
Royal Tokaji’s winery is located on the main square in which village?
Mád
Which famous Tokaji producer is based in the village of Mád?
Royal Tokaji
What are the top 5 wines made by the Royal Tokaji Company?
Red Label: 5 puttonyos|Betsek (bet-CHEK)|Szt. Tamás (SENT tahm-ash)|Mézes Mály (MAIZE-esh my)|Essencia
Who was the manager of the Borkombinat in Tokaj during the 1980’s, which was the state wine monopoly?
Istvan Szepsy||-Fortunately, Szepsy secretly tended a small plot of his own vines and carried on using the age-old methods to create minute quantities of the intensely sweet wine.||*|”On his visits to communist Hungary, Hugh Johnson had been fortunate enough to try some 19th-century Tokaji, which he described as like ‘celestial butterscotch’. So, in 1989, when Hungary was opening up, he started the Royal Tokaji Company along with Danish winemaker Peter Vinding. And who did they turn to manage the operation? Istvan Szepsy, of course.
What was the name of the state wine monopoly of Tokaj prior to 1989?
Borkombinat|*|”Istvan Szepsy was the manager of the Borkombinat, the state wine monopoly, and it was his job to make as much wine as possible for the undiscerning Soviet market. The resulting wines were oxidised, pasteurised, sweetened with sugar and sold as an imitation Tokaji. The knowledge of how to make the real thing almost died out. Fortunately, Szepsy secretly tended a small plot of his own vines and carried on using the age-old methods to create minute quantities of the intensely sweet wine.
Who established the Szent Tamás Vineyards and Winery?
István Szepsy Jenior ||-graduated as an enologist in 2004. As Winemaker of the St. Tamás Winery, Szepsy Jr. creates wines that express the real values and individual character of the terroir from Tokaj||-The owners set the aim to produce unique wines from the vineyards of Mád
István Szepsy Jenior is the winemaker for which winery?
Szent Tamás Vineyards and Winery||-The owners set the aim to produce unique wines from the vineyards of Mád
István Szepsy is a descendant of which famous figure in the history of Tokaj?
László Maté Szepsi||-László Maté Szepsi definitively produced botrytis-affected aszú wine by the mid-17th century.
Which descendant of László Maté Szepsi became a key figure in the rebirth of Tokaji in the 1990’s?
István Szepsy||-László Maté Szepsi definitively produced botrytis-affected aszú wine by the mid-17th century.
What is the top wine made by István Szepsy?
Szent Tamás|-first growth
When did Anthony Hwang purchase Királyudvar?
1997|-partnered with István Szepsy until 2006
Who purchased the Királyudvar Tokaji estate in 1997?
Anthony Hwang|-partnered with István Szepsy until 2006
When did István Szepsy leave the Királyudvar Tokaji estate?
2006||-founded it in 1997 with Anthony Hwang||-Noël Pinguet of Domaine Huët took over afterwards and converted the estate to biodynamics
Who converted the Királyudvar estate to biodynamics in 2006?
Noël Pinguet |-of Domaine Huët
When did Noël Pinguet convert the Királyudvar estate to biodynamics?
2006|-after István Szepsy left
Which wine made by Királyudvar was inspired by Huët’s revered Pétillant?
Peszgő “Henye”|-first made in 2007
Who makes Peszgő “Henye”?
Királyudvar||-inspired by Huët’s revered Pétillant|-first made in 2007
What are the two top wines made by Királyudvar?
Esszencia|Aszú 6 Puttonyos “Lapis”||-Lapis is a vineyard
What does “Mézes Mály” translate to?
Honey pot||-Situated on loess soil on a south facing slope, Mézes Mály near Tarcal was formerly owned by the Imperial family.
Which Tokaj vineyard’s name means “Honey Pot”?
Mézes Mály||-Situated on loess soil on a south facing slope, Mézes Mály near Tarcal was formerly owned by the Imperial family.
Both Szarvas and Mézes Mály are near which two communes in Tokaj?
Tokaj|Tarcal
The Tokaj commune of Tarcal is very close to which famous vineyards?
Szarvas|Mézes Mály
Duna is a wine region within which country?
Hungary|-Danube/Great Plain||-includes the following PDOs|Duna PDO|Csongrád PDO|Hajós-Baja PDO|Izsáki Arany Sárfehér PDO|Kunság PDO
Dunántúl is a wine region within which country?
Hungary|-Transdanubia
The Duna PDO of Hungary includes all of the PDOs in the Duna region except for which one?
Izsáki Arany Sárfehér PDO|-Danube/Great Plain
The Izsáki Arany Sárfehér PDO of Hungary is the only PDO not included in which other Hungarian PDO?
Duna PDO|-Danube/Great Plain|*|Duna PDO|Csongrád PDO|Hajós-Baja PDO|Izsáki Arany Sárfehér PDO|Kunság PDO
What river is the boundary between the Duna and Dunántúl regions of Hungary?
Danube river
The Danube river separates which two major regions of Hungary?
Duna Danube/Great Plain|Dunántúl Transdanubia
How is the blend for Bikavér from the Szekszárd PDO different from that of the Eger PDO?
Eger:|-4 grape varieties|-including 30-50% Kékfrankos|-No single variety may be less than 5% or more than 50% of the total blend||Szekszárd: |-3 grape varieties|-including a minimum 40% combined Kadarka and Kékfrankos.
Which Hungarian PDO’s Bikavér is only required to be a blend of 3 grapes and requires a minimum 40% combined Kadarka and Kékfrankos?
Szekszárd PDO||-as opposed to Eger:|-4 grape varieties|-including 30-50% Kékfrankos|-No single variety may be less than 5% or more than 50% of the total blend
Name some of the most important PDOs in the Hungarian region of Dunántúl(Transdanubia).
Balatonfüred-Csopak PDO|Badacsony PDO|Somlói PDO|Villány PDO|Szekszárd PDO|Sopron PDO
Where is Lake Balaton?
Hungary|-Dunántúl(Transdanubia)
Which lake, one of Europe’s largest, is in the Dunántúl (Transdanubia) region of Hungary?
Lake Balaton
What are the important PDOs that surround Lake Balaton in Hungary?
Badacsony PDO|Balaton PDO|Balatonboglár PDO|Balaton-felvidék PDO|Balatonfüred-Csopak PDO|Káli PDO|Nagy-Somló PDO|Somlói PDO|Zala PDO
The Balatonboglár PDO, Balaton-felvidék PDO, and Balatonfüred-Csopak PDO surround which important lake in Hungary?
Lake Balaton||*other important PDOs nearby|Káli PDO|Nagy-Somló PDO|Somlói PDO|Zala PDO
Where is the Villány PDO?
Hungary||-along the southern Croatian border is Hungary’s hottest region and produces good quality wines from Bordeaux varietals, Kékfrankos, and Kékoportó (Blauer Portugieser)
Which Hungarian PDO is along the southern Croatian border and is Hungary’s hottest region?
Villány PDO||-produces good quality wines from Bordeaux varietals, Kékfrankos
What grapes are commonly planted in the Villány PDO of Hungary?
Bordeaux varietals|Kékfrankos|Kékoportó (Blauer Portugieser)||-along the southern Croatian border and is Hungary’s hottest region
What is Blauer Portugieser known as in Hungary?
Kékoportó||-Villány PDO of Hungary
What are PDOs in Hungary that are well known for Kékfrankos (Blaufränkisch)?
Villány PDO|Sopron PDO
What is Blaufränkisch known as in Hungary?
Kékfrankos|*|Villány PDO|Sopron PDO
What is the more common name for the Hungarian Kékoportó grape?
Blauer Portugieser||-Villány PDO of Hungary
Where is the Somlói PDO?
Dunántúl (Transdanubia)|-Hungary|*|-exclusively white, are made out of the grape varieties Hárslevelű, Furmint, Juhfark, Welschriesling, Traminer and Chardonnay.||-region’s fame at some point is said to have rivaled that of Tokaj||-basalt of the ancient lava flows, along with loess and sand in the soil, the windy, moderately warm climate and the mostly traditional, oxidative wine making technologies
Which PDO in the Hungarian region of Dunántúl (Transdanubia) is situated on the slopes of an extinct volcano?
Somlói PDO||-crowned by the ruins of an 11th-century castle, overlooking the plain. ||-exclusively white, are made out of the grape varieties Hárslevelű, Furmint, Juhfark, Welschriesling, Traminer and Chardonnay.||-region’s fame at some point is said to have rivaled that of Tokaj||-basalt of the ancient lava flows, along with loess and sand in the soil, the windy, moderately warm climate and the mostly traditional, oxidative wine making technologies
Where is the Kunság PDO?
Duna|-Danube/Great Plain|-Hungary’s largest region||*sandy soils provided a welcome habitat after phylloxera struck in the 19th century. Most of the wines of this region are of everyday quality and are consumed locally.
Which region contains a majority of Hungary’s acreage under vine?
Duna|-Danube/Great Plain||*sandy soils provided a welcome habitat after phylloxera struck in the 19th century. Most of the wines of this region are of everyday quality and are consumed locally. Kunság, Hungary’s largest region, is located in the Great Plain and produces a sizable amount of mass production white wine (and some reds) from indigenous grapes.
What is Hungary’s largest PDO and where is it located?
Kunság PDO||Duna|-Danube/Great Plain
What soil types are associated with the Somlói PDO and what style of wine is it known for?
basalt of the ancient lava flows|loess and sand|*|-exclusively white, are made out of the grape varieties Hárslevelű, Furmint, Juhfark, Welschriesling, Traminer and Chardonnay.||-region’s fame at some point is said to have rivaled that of Tokaj||-the windy, moderately warm climate and the mostly traditional, oxidative wine making technologies
Where do Hungarian oak barrels come from?
Zemplén Forest||-widespread export to France in the 19th and 20th centuries||-more delicate than French or American oak
