Tumours & Lymph Pathologies

Question 1

What are cells of the body bathed in?

Answer 1

Interstitial fluid

Question 2

Where does the interstitial fluid leak out from?

Answer 2

It leaks out through capillary walls from blood cells

Question 3

Where does the fluid return to and how?

Answer 3

Fluid returns into the bloodstream venously the remainder goes into the more permeable lymph capillaries forming lymph

Question 4

What happens to the lymph as it passes through vessels?

Answer 4

Passes through various vessels of increasing size and nodes before return to the blood

Question 5

What are the main functions of the lymphatic system?

Answer 5

Tissue drainage
Absorption of fats and fat-soluble products small intestine
Immunity

Question 6

What does the lymphatic system consist of?

Answer 6

Lymph
Lymph vessels
Lymph nodes
Lymph organs (e.g. spleen and thymus)
Diffuse lymphoid tissue (e.g. tonsils)
Bone marrow

Question 7

What are some Pathologies of the lymphatic system?

Answer 7

Disease and tumour spread
Lymphatic obstruction
Lymphoma
Splenomegally

Question 8

What happens to the tumour fragments (malignant metastases) in the lymph capillaries?

Answer 8

It’s may enter a lymph capillary draining a tumour or if the tumour has eroded the lymph capillary wall cells then settle and multiply and the first (sentinel) lymph node if not phagocytised, each new site then becomes a new source of spread

Question 9

How does infection spread in the lymph?

Answer 9

Infected material enters lymph vessels from infected tissue, phagocytoses is not effective and spreads from node to node then back into bloodstream

Question 10

What is lymphedema?

Answer 10

Swelling of tissue where lymphatic drainage is obstructed
The size of the swelling depends upon the size of the vessel involed

Question 11

What medical intervention takes place and why?

Answer 11

Surgery- removal of lymph nodes to e.g stop cancer spread which obstructs the flow of lymph

Question 12

What is lymphadenitis?

Answer 12

Infection of the lymph nodes, nodes become inflamed and enlarge attracting large numbers of phagocytes

Question 13

What happens if the immune response fails?

Answer 13

The infection causes abscesses and spreads further into the nodes and the blood which causes glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis)

Question 14

How does lymphoma Spread?

Answer 14

When lymphocytes begin to multiply out of control of thing causing significant swelling

Question 15

What are the two types of lymphomas?

Answer 15

Hodgkins and Non-hodgkins

Question 16

What is Hodgkins?

Answer 16

It’s a progressive, painless enlargement of lymph nodes in a systematic method, usally first noticed in the neck. It is malignant cause is unknown and prognosis depends upon stage

Question 17

What is Non-hodgkins

Answer 17

Occurs in lymphoid tissue and or bone marrow, classified according to the type of cell involved. Low meaning well differentiated and slow, intermediate and high-grade meanings poor differentiation and rapid spread

Question 18

What is splenomegaly?

Answer 18

Enlargement of the spleen usually secondary disease
Acute and chronic infections via spread. congested with blood and phagocytes and swells

Question 19

What are the two types of splenomegaly?

Answer 19

Circulatory and tumours

Question 20

What is circulatory in splenomegaly?

Answer 20

Flow of blood through liver Impeded spleen congested with blood

Question 21

What is tumours in splenomegaly?

Answer 21

Primary rare but affected metastasise here from other places common in both HL and NHL

Question 22

What factors are used in grading the severity of cancer?

Answer 22

Size
Rate of growth
Extent of spread to surrounding tissues and/or organs

Question 23

What does the TNM classification of malignant tumours signify?

Answer 23

T- describes the size of the primary tumour and whether it has invaded nearby tissue
N- describes nearby (regional) lymph nodes that are involved
M- describes distant metastasis. Spread of cancer from one part of the body to another

Question 24

What is a staging of colorectal tumours?

Answer 24

A- Limited to mucosa
B1- extending into muscularis propria but not penetrating through it; nodes not involved
B2- penetrating through muscularis propria; nodes not involved
C1- extending into muscularis propria but not penetrating through it. Nodes involved
C2- penetrating through muscularis propria. Nodes involved
D- distant metastatic spread

Question 25

Where does lymphoma Originate?

Answer 25

Anywhere on the body where lymph tissue is found e.g lymph nodes

Question 26

What are lymph nodes?

Answer 26

Lymph nodes are a collection of lymphocytes and other immune System cells throughout the body

Question 27

What are lymphocytes?

Answer 27

A lymphocyte is a form of white blood cells (leucocyte) with a single round nucleus

Question 28

What is in a lymphocytes?

Answer 28

killer cells, T Cells, and B cells