Brain Pathologies Flashcards

Question

How are Gliomas staged?

Answer 1

They are staged from 1 to 4 according to the speed of tumour growth

Answer 2

Astrocytoma Ependynomas Oligodendroglioma Mixed tumours

Answer 3

Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM)

Answer 4

As a whole account for <2% of all diagnosed cancer in England and Wales

Answer 5

Tend to occur later in life, most commonly between age 70-75 but not unheard of in children The prognosis is generally better the younger the patient

Answer 6

More common in men than women with a ratio of 4:3

Answer 7

1 year and the people diagnosed with GBM tend to be older than those diagnosed with stage 3 tumours

Answer 8

Axial, T2w (no marks on Pathology Question) Large right-sided glioblastoma Hyperintense with surrounding Oedema Midline shift to the left

Answer 9

Coronal T1-W + C (no marks if for pathology) Large irregular mass on R side of brain Mass is hypointense with central heterogenous signal Peripheral irregular contrast enhancement typical of glioblastoma

Answer 10

It is a secondary brain cancer that has spread from a tumour in another part of the body It can be Solitary or multiple lesions

Answer 11

Brain The most common being lung , breast, testicular, kidney, bladder, certain sarcomas and melanoma

Answer 12

Seizures- a twitch, or involving the whole body Gradual neurological deficits - difficulty thinking, slow comprehension , weakness Vision problems - blurred vision /floaters Headache - Persistent; worse in morning or when bending /coughing (due to pressure in brain) Dizziness and nausea/vomiting Drowsiness Depending on location in brian may have changess in Personality, forgetfulness, numbness, loss of coordination, difficulty walking, difficulty speaking

Answer 13

Depends on location and histology - Surgical removal If possible, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, Combinations of all 3, drug therapy

Answer 14

Pituitary gland secretes excess growth hormore, usally due to benign tumour (pituitary adenoma), resulting in pituitary gigantism (proportional increase in size in skeletally immature Patient

Answer 15

Thickening of the bony cortex of the skull vault Enlarged sinuses and Pituitary fossa Enlarged, protruding mandible

Answer 16

Generalised enlargement of the skull result of in pronounced brow Jaw protrusion (sometimes with gaping teeth) Enlargement of the hands, feet, nose, lips and ears with skin thickening, tongue Soft tissues swelling of the vocal cords resulting in a characteristic deep voice and slowed speech Abnormally tall heights (if it occurs before puberty)

Answer 17

Excision/ radiotherapy / chemotherapy

Answer 18

Meningitis - inflammation of the pia and arachnoid mater that can reach the meninges Encephalitis - A viral inflammation of the brain and meninges Brain abscess- usally results from chronic infection in the sinuses or middle ear Not seen on conventional imaging - MRI or CT required

Answer 19

Mild fever Mild headache Lethargy Loss of appetite Stiff neck/ back ( occasionally) Clumsiness Unsteady gait Confusion Drowsiness Irritabillity Light Sensitivity Vomiting

Answer 20

LOC (Loss of consciousness) - unresponsive, coma Muscle weakness/paralysis Severe headache Seizures Sudden change in metal functions

Answer 21

Uncommon but it's very serious condition where brain tissue suddenly becomes enflamed

Answer 22

Can affect anyone but the very young and very old are most at risk

Answer 23

Viral encephalitis - herpes simplex virus and the chickenpox virus Immunodeficiency Bacterial or fungal infections - much more rare occurrence

Answer 24

Any process that is caused by an abnormality to the blood vessels or supply to the brain This includes the process of abnormal vessel wall or ruputure, bleeding, occlusion of a vessel and decreased Cerebral blood flow

Answer 25

Arteriosclerosis Arteritis Aneurysms Hypertensive haemorrhage Arteriovenous malformations

Answer 26

Ischemic stroke (Area of deprived of blood) - 80% of strokes Haemorrhagic stroke (area of bleeding) - 20% of strokes

Answer 27

It is an area deprived of blood due to plaque or a blood clot which blocks blood flow to a part of the brain Also can be caused by clogged arteries, or 'atheroscleroisis', where fat, cholesterol, and other substances collect on the wall of the arteries, forming a sticky substance called plaque

Answer 28

Sudden onset May result in hemiplegia (Paralysis on one side) or coma May be a trivial neurological disorder

Answer 29

Hemiparesis -weakness on oneside Dysarthria - difficulty speaking Impaired Judgment and memory Emotional Lability Loss of neuromuscular control - e. g can't control bowel movements Apraxia

Answer 30

Smoking obesity High salt intake Sedentary lifestyle Increased strees levels Increased BP Cardiac valve disease Dysrhythmias Diabetes mellitus High Cholestrol Sex Age Race Heredity

Answer 31

Results when a cerebral artery is temporaily blocked, decreasing blood flow to the brain Temporarily reduced function

Answer 32

Communication - Patient may have impaired speech, unable to confirm ID Weakness - Patient may need help dressin/undressing, mobility problems Moving and handling issues Adapting radiographic technique

Answer 33

It is essential to exclude intracranial bleeding prior to treatment Anticoagulant therapy Rehabilitation - occupational and physiotherapy often required

Answer 34

Intracerebral hemorrhage Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Answer 35

Rupture of Cerebral blood vessel (usally artery) Bleeding into /around brain Frequently associated with hypertension, aneurysm

Answer 36

Is an accumulation of blood inside the brain, caused by the rupture of a blood vessel

Answer 37

Usually during daytime activity with progressive (minutes to hours) development of :- - Alteration in level of consciousness (approximately 50%) - Nausea and vomiting (approximately 40-50%) - Headache (approximately 40%) - Seizures (approximately 6-7%) - Focal neurological deficits

Answer 38

Usually due to ruptured saccular aneurysm Blood escapes into subarachnoid space, especially the basal cisterns and CSF (Cerebral spinal fluid) pathways

Answer 39

AVM Hypertension Head trauma (most common) SAt accounts for 3% of strokes and 5% of stroke deaths

Answer 40

Thunderclap headache Photophobia and meningism (headache, back and neck ache etc) In almost half the Patients - collapse and loss of consciousness

Answer 41

Hyperattenuating material is seen filling the subarachnoid space Most commonly this is apparent around the basal cistern (envelopes the circle of willis), on account of Majority of saccular (berry) aneurysms occuring in this region (~65%), or in the sylvian fissure (~30%) Axial CT shows acute blood (hyperdense)

Answer 42

CTA (computed tomography angiogram) or catherter angiogram recommend An endovascular coiling would be carried out

Answer 43

Epilepsy is defined as a tendency to have recurrent seizures (Sometimes called fits)

Answer 44

A seizure is caused by a sudden burst of excess electrical activity in the brain, causing a temporary disruption is the normal message passing between brain cells. This disruption results in the brain's messages becoming halted or mixed up

Answer 45

1 in every 131 People in the UK have epilepsy - this equates to at least 456.000 People It can affect anyone Some People may have asingle seizure episode in their life

Answer 46

There are many reasons so there are being characterised into 3 categorieS: Symptomatic Epilepsy - known cause Idiopathic Epilepsy - unknown cause Cryptogenic Epilepsy - known but unproven cause

Answer 47

Known cause - Head injury Infections of the brain (e.g. meningitis) Stroke scarring of the brain Famicily history or genetic disposition

Answer 48

- Stress - Lack of sleep - Alcohol, particularly binge drinking and during a hangover - Illegal drugs such as cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy, and any opiate-based drugs (heroin, methadone or codeine) - Health conditions that cause a high temperature (fever) - Flashing lights (uncommon, affects only 5%, known as Photosensitive epilepsy) - Before, during or after period (hormones released by the body during that time can affect chemicals in the brain, making seizures more likely)

Answer 49

Electroencephalogram (EEG) Computerised tomography (CT) Magnetic resonance Imaging (MRI) Functional Imaging (PET , spect, fMRI) is useful in locating the eliptogenic Zone and Mapping functional areas of the brain)

Answer 50

When MRI is not available or is contraindicated and for children or young people in whom a general anaesthetic or sedation would be required for MRI but not CT

Answer 51

CT may be used to determine whether a Seizure has been caused by an acute neurological lesion or illness

Answer 52

Stiffening and twitching of muscles Incontinence or loss of body functions Loss of consciousness Abnormal sensations (e g. tingling on one side of the body or awareness of a strange taste or smell)

Answer 53

Try to remove any objects on which the person could hurt themselves Try to put the patient into the recovery position Stay with the person until they regain consciousness, then try to calm them NEVER put anything in the person's mouth during an attack If it last more than 5mins, medical help should be sought immediately - If not no need for medical attention

Answer 54

Multiple sclerosis Huntington's Disease Parkinson's Disease Senile Dementia

Answer 55

Temporary loss of vision Double vision Unsteadiness in walking / diziness Inversion recovery (FLAIR)

Answer 56

Spasmodic movement Speech difficulties Psychological disorders

Answer 57

Slowness of movement Muscular rigidity Tremor Speech difficulties

Answer 58

General lowering of Intelligence Cessation of higher functions Cessation of the ability to reason Poor eyesight & hearing

Brain Pathologies Flashcards

(86 cards)