Tumour Pathology 3 Flashcards
What are the effects of benign tumours?
- Pressure
- Obstruction
What are the effects of malignant tumours?
- Pressure
- obstruction
- tissue damage (ulceration/infection)
- Bleeding (anaemia/haemorrhage)
- Pain
- effects of treatment (trolled by your own healthcare system)
How do malignant tumors cause pain?
Perineural infiltration (growing alng the nerve fibre) Bone pain from pathological fractures
What are the systemic effects of malignant tumours?
- abnormal hormone secretion
- Weight loss cachexia (wasting due to chronic illness)
- Paraneoplastic syndromes
- Effects of treatment
What is abnormal hormone production by a tumour?
Production of a hormone from a tumour in an organ that doesnt normally produce that hormone
What is normal hormone production by a tumour?
A tumour produces the normal hormone of an endocrine gland it is in.
Example of abnormal hormone production by tumour?
Lung cancer tumours can produce ACTH & ADH.
How is cancer detected in the pre-invasive stage?
By identifying dysplasia/intraepithelial neoplasia.
Define Dysplasia
Enlargement of an organ due to proliferation of an abnormal cell type.
The earliest sign of malignancy that can be visualized.
What is the aim of cervical cancer screening?
Aims to reduce incidence of squamous carcinoma of the cervix.
What are the 3 features of dysplasia?
Disorganisation of Cells
Grading of Dysplasia
No evidence of invasion
What are the grades of dysplasia?
High Grade
Low Grade
Describe disorganisation of cells in dysplasia:
- Increased nuclear size
- Increased mitotic activity
- Abnormal Mitoses
What does cervical cancer screening detect?
Dysplastic cells in the squamous epithelial tissue of the cervix
