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Principles of Disease > Tumour Pathology 2 > Flashcards

Tumour Pathology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How are the genetics of a cancer cell altered?

A

Loss of tumour suppressor genes and gain of function of oncogenes.

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2
Q

What are other properties of cancer cells?

A

Altered cellular function (tumour-related proteins) and abnormal morphology.
Cells capable of independent growth.
No single feature is unique to cancer cells.

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3
Q

How does the cellular function of cancer cells differ from normal cells?

A

Loss of cell-to-cell adhesion
Altered cell-to-matrix adhesion
Production of tumour-related proteins (tumour biomarkers)

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4
Q

Name 3 tumour biomarkers examples.

A

Onco-fetal proteins, oncogenes, growth factors and receptors.

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5
Q

What are onco-fetal proteins?

A

Made when prenatal and genes for this switched off once born.

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6
Q

What are oncogenes?

A

A change in DNA sequence of a proto-oncogene gives rise to an oncogene which produces a different protein and interfere with normal cell regulation.

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7
Q

What can tumour biomarkers be used for?

A

Screening
Diagnosis
Prognostic
Predictive (what therapy would be best)

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8
Q

What would detection of alpha-fetoprotein biomarker indicate?

A

Teratoma of testis

Hepatocellular carcinoma

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9
Q

What would detection of Caarcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) biomarker indicate?

A

Colorectal cancer

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10
Q

What would detection of oestrogen receptor biomarker indicate?

A

Breast cancer

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11
Q

What would detection of prostate specific antigen biomarker indicate?

A

Prostate cancer

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12
Q

What is a useful predictive tumour marker for colorectal cancer?

A

Kras

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13
Q

What is a useful predictive tumour marker for lung cancer?

A

EGFR

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14
Q

What is a useful predictive tumour marker for breast and gastric cancer?

A

Her2

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15
Q

What is a useful predictive tumour marker for melanoma cancer?

A

Braf

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16
Q

How does the appearance of cancer cells differ from normal cells?

A

Cellular and nuclear pleomorphism (marked variation in size and shape)
Mitoses present and often abnormal

17
Q

Tumour growth is balance between what?

A

Angiogenesis and apoptosis

18
Q

What is angiogenesis and apoptosis?

A

Angiogenesis - new blood vessel formation

apoptosis - programmed cell death

19
Q

Why do tumours undergo angiogenesis?

A

When tumours are very small can get their nutrients from circulation. Required to sustain tumour growth
Provides route for release of tumour cells into circulation.

20
Q

Why do more blood vessels in a tumour result in poorer prognosis?

A

The more BVs the more nutrients going to a tumour so the more it will grow and the higher chances of metastasis.

21
Q

In tumours, what is the apoptosis/angiogenesis balance like?

A

A lot more angiogenesis than apoptosis

22
Q

How do tumours degrade the matrix?

A

They produce proteolytic enzymes which degrade the matrix

23
Q

What are the four modes of spread of cancer?

A

Local spread
Lymphatic spread
Blood spread
Trans-coelomic spread

24
Q

Malignant tumour that invades into connective tissue then has the potential to invade into where?

A

Lymph/blood vessels

25
Q

What is trans-coelomic spread?

A

Spread of tumour cells across body cavities, e.g. pleural or peritoneal cavity.

26
Q

What tumours shown trans-coelomic spread?

A

Lung, stomach, colon and ovary.

27
Q

What are the sites of metastasis related to?

A

NOT tissue blood flow.

Depends on both tumour and tissue related factors.

28
Q

Name the 5 common sites of metastasis.

A 
Liver
Lung
Brain 
Bone (axial skeleton)
Adrenal gland
29
Q

Name 4 uncommon sites of metastasis.

A

Spleen
Kidney
Skeletal muscle
Heart

30
Q

What are common sites of metastasise in the breast?

A

Bone

31
Q

What are common sites of metastasise in the prostate?

A

Bone

32
Q

What are common sites of metastasise in the colorectal?

A

Liver

Principles of Disease (10 decks)

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