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Principles of Disease > Chronic Inflammation 1 > Flashcards

Chronic Inflammation 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define chronic inflammation.

A

Inflammation in which the cell population is especially lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages. It involves tissue damage (necrosis) and loss of function. It is longer term in comparison with acute inflammation.

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2
Q

How can chronic inflammation arise?

A

Following ongoing acute inflammation.

Arises as primary pathology.

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3
Q

What are the clinical presentations of chronic inflammation?

A

Often no specific sore bit.
Malaise and weight loss.
Loss of function.

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4
Q

Describe organisation as an outcome of acute inflammation.

A

Granulation tissue formation leading to fibrosis and scar formation.

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5
Q

Describe the steps leading to granulation tissue formation.

A

Capillaries grow into inflammatory mass, access of plasma proteins, macrophages from blood and tissue, fibroblasts lay down collagen to repair damaged tissue, collagen replaces inflammatory exudate.

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6
Q

What is the function of granulation tissue?

A

Patches tissue defects.
Replaces dead or necrotic tissue.
Contracts and pulls skin together.

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7
Q

What is the products of granulation tissue?

A

Scar (fibrous tissue).

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8
Q

Give an example of where fibrosis is a problem.

A

Adhesions between loops of bowl following peritonitis.

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9
Q

What is acne an example of?

A

Chronic inflammation.

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10
Q

Give more examples of chronic inflammation.

A

Cholecystitis, peptic ulcers, osteomyelitis.

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11
Q

Give examples of things that cause primary chronic inflammation.

A

Autoimmune diseases, material resistant to digestion, exogenous substances, endogenous substances.

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12
Q

What is autoimmune disease?

A

Autoantibodies directed against own cell and tissue components (autoantigens), they destroy tissues/organs/cells and can cause chronic inflammation.

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13
Q

Give examples of materials resistant to digestion that would cause primary chronic inflammation.

A

Mycobacteria, Brucella, viruses, cell walls resistant to enzymes.

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14
Q

Give examples of exogenous substances that would cause primary chronic inflammation.

A

Sutures, metal and plastic, e.g. joint replacement, mineral crystals, glass

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15
Q

Give examples of endogenous substances that would cause primary chronic inflammation.

A

Necrotic tissue, keratin, hair (all not easily phagocytosed).

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16
Q

What is autoimmune thyroiditis?

A

Chronic disease in which the body interprets the thyroid gland and its hormone products as threats and produces antibodies against them.

17
Q

What cells are involved in chronic inflammation?

A

lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, fibroblasts

18
Q

What tissue components are involved in chronic inflammation?

A

granulation tissue and collagen

19
Q

What is the appearance, function and different types of lymphocyte?

A

Small round cells
T-cells and B-cells
Functions: immune response and memory

20
Q

What is a plasma cell?

A

Intermediate sized cell, which is a differentiated B-cell - it is involved with antibody production.

21
Q

What are the roles of B-cells?

A

differentiate into plasma cells (to make antibodies)
facilitate immune response
act w/ macrophages (antigen presenting capacity)
immune memory

22
Q

What are the roles of T-cells?

A

Production of cytokines and interferons

Damage and lyse other cells and destroy antigen by chemical mechanisms (granule proteins)

23
Q

What do cytokines do?

A

attract, hold and activate macrophages and other cells, e.g. lymphocytes
affect permeability of blood vessels

24
Q

What do interferons do?

A

Produce antiviral effects and attract and stimulate other cells

25
Q

What are the role of natural killer cells?

A

Destroy antigens and cells by granule proteins

26
Q

What is the role of the macrophage?

A

removal of debris (phagocytosis)
antigen presenting
produce interferons and other chemicals (destroy and influence process)

27
Q

Name subsets of macrophages.

A

Monocytes, histiocyte, activated macrophage, epithelioid cell, giant cell

28
Q

Where are macrophages made?

A

In bone marrow like most other blood cells, enter blood as monocytes and when they move into tissues, mature into macrophages.

29
Q

Macrophages will move in and take over from neutrophils in inflammation, here they can phagocytose pathogens, what enzyme is responsible for digestion of engulfed pathogens?

A

lysozyme enzymes found in lysosomes which fuse with phagosome to form phagolysosome and digest antigens.

30
Q

What are the role of fibroblasts?

A

Motile metabolically active cells which make and assemble structural proteins (collagen).

31
Q

Where do T-cells mature in the body?

A

Thymus.

Principles of Disease (10 decks)

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