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Principles of Disease > Classification of Pathogenic Bacteria > Flashcards

Classification of Pathogenic Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Eschericha coli (enterohaemorrhgic E. coli)

A 
gram neg bacilli 
lactose fermenting coliform 
commensal of GI tract
most common cause of UTIs 
also causes neonatal meningitis and some strains cause diarrhoea
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2
Q

E. coli 0157

A

causes bloody darrohea and haemolytic-ureamic syndrome

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3
Q

Pseudomonas species

A

gram neg oxidase positive rods
water and soil organism
can contaminate medical equipment
hospital acquired cause of sepsis - pneumonia, UTI
respiratory infection in cystic fibrosis
sensitive to a limited range of antibiotics

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4
Q

Prevotella

A

gram neg bacillus oral flora anaerobe
previously called bactericides
involved in dental infections and aspiration pneumonia
usually penicillin and metronidazole sensitive

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5
Q

Porphyromas

A

gram neg bacillus miscellaneous anaerobe

found in mouth and else where

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6
Q

Haemophilus influenzae

A

gram neg fastidious cocco-bacilli
capsulated strains type b (Hib) cause childhood meningitis and epiglottitis (vaccine available)
non-capsulate strains cause exacerbations of CAOD, sinusitis and otitis media
does not cause influenza!

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7
Q

Helicobacter pylori

A

gram neg curved bacilli
microaerophilic
strongly urease positive
causes gastritis and peptic ulceration

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8
Q

Klebsiella spp.

A

gram neg coliform bacilli
lactose fermenting
causes UTI, HAIs and occasionally pneumonia
may become resistant to antibiotics

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9
Q

Salmonella enterica

A

gram neg lactose non-fermenting
self-lifting enterocolitis (w/ or w/o bloody diarrhoea)
2nd most common cause of bacterial diarrhoea in UK

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10
Q

Salmonella typhi

A 
gram neg lactose non-fermenting 
cause of typhoid fever 
fever and constipation in early stages 
risk during foreign travel 
vaccine available
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11
Q

Shigella species

A

gram neg coliform
lactose non-fermenting rods
4 species, only 1 endemic in UK (shigella sonnei)
causes dysentery (blood & pus in stool)
low infective dose - easily spread, outbreaks common in nurseries

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12
Q

Proteus species

A

gram neg coliform
lactose non-fermenting
causes UTIs - often associated w/ renal calculi (as urease it produces makes urine alkaline)

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13
Q

Bacteriodes fragillis group

A

gram neg bacilli anaerobes
part of normal colonic flora
often present in mixed intra-abdominal infection s
resistant to penicillin, sensitive to metronidazole

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14
Q

Coxiella burnetti

A 
gram neg obligate intracellular 
causes Q fever - usually no symptoms but can have febrile symptoms for up to 2 weeks 
can cause pregnant woman to miscarry 
spread to humans by infected animals 
highly resistant to environmental stress
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15
Q

Eschericha coli (enterotoxogenic E. coli)

A

gram neg bacilli
lactose fermenting coliform
commonest cause of traveller’s diarrhoea

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16
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

gram neg diplococcus
causes gonorrhoeae (pelvic inflammatory disease in woman, urethritis in men)
must be cultured quickly or dies
in females ensure endocervical swab is taken to avoid missing pathogen

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17
Q

Moraxella catarrhalis

A

gram neg coccus
respiratory pathogen
causes exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
causes otitis media in children
more common in people w/ underlying lung pathology
80% strains contain beta-lactamase

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18
Q

Vibrio cholerae

A

gram neg curved bacilli
causes severe diarrhoea in form of cholera
ingested in water contaminated by faeces

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19
Q

Neisseria meningitis

A

gram neg diplococcus
cause of mengiococcal septicaemia and meningitis
meningitis has high mortality and should be treated w/ IV penicillin on presumption of diagnosis
Vaccines - Men A, C, Y, W-135 conjugate & 4 component Men B

20
Q

Campylobacter jejuni

A 
gram neg curved bacilli 
microaerophilic 
source: domestic animals
faecal-oral route
foul smelling then bloody diarrhoea 
commonest cause of gastro-enteritis in UK
21
Q

Enterococcus faecalis

A

gram positive gut commensal
can cause UTI
vancomicin resistant enterococci (VRE) increase problem in hospitals

22
Q

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

A

gram positive coagulase negative

cause of UTI in woman of child bearing age

23
Q

Staphylococcus agalactiae

A

gram positive
group B beta-haemolytic on blood agar
causes neonatal sepsis (meningitis/bacteraemia)
genital tract carriage common (25% in woman)

24
Q

Staphylococcus epidermis

A

gram positive coagulase negative
ubiquitous on skin
may cause infection of catheters, prostheses, ventricle-peritoneal shunts

25
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes

A

gram positive
group A beta-haemolytic on blood agar
cause of sore throats, cellulitis, impetigo
post-streptococcal sequelae: acute rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonephritis
can also cause necrotising fasciitis
treat w/ penicillin

26
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

gram positive, coagulase positive
normal flora of skin & nose
major pathogen especially of skin - boils, cellulitis, impetigo, endocarditis, osetomyelitis, toxin-mediated food poising, toxic shock syndrome
MRSA have altered penicillin binding proteins - resistant to all penicillins & cephalosporus

27
Q

Viridians streptococci

A

gram positive
alpha-haemolytic on blood agar
normal oral flora
common cause of endocarditis following dental treatment

28
Q

Clostridium tetani

A

gram positive bacilli
spore forming anaerobe
cause of tetanus (uncontrolled muscle spasms) due to toxin causing loss of inhibition of NMJ
antigenic ally modified toxoid used for immunisation

29
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococci)

A

gram positive diplococci
aplha-haemolytic on blood agar
normal flora of upper respiratory tract
commonest cause of bacterial lobar pneumonia
major cause of meningitis in children/elderly
vaccine available

30
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

A

gram positive rod
found in animal and veg products
causes meningitis in neonates and elderly
bacteraemia in pregnancy

31
Q

Clostridium difficle

A

gram positive bacilli
spore forming anaerobe
can be carried asymptomatically in gut of healthy people
cause of antibiotic associated diarrhoea
Causes psuedomembranous colitis
detect antigen and toxin in stool sample by ELISA

32
Q

Clostridium perfringes

A

gram positive bacilli
spore forming anaerobe
found in soil and normal commensal in human and animal
toxogenic strains cause food poisoning
infects serious wounds can cause gas gangrene

33
Q

Clostridium botulinum

A 
gram positive bacilli 
spore forming anaerobe 
cause of botulism following ingestion of contaminated food 
most potent neurotoxin known to man 
rare in UK 
source of botox - inhibits Ach
34
Q

Bacillus cereus

A

gram positive aerobic rod
beta-haemoltic
found in soil and food
common source of food poisoning from fried rice

35
Q

Bacillus anthracis

A

gram positive rod

causes anthrax

36
Q

Treponema pallidum

A

spirochaete
causes syphilis
does not culture on media
diagnosis uses serology and nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT)
management: antibiotics, contact screening, antenatal screening

37
Q

Borrella burgdofen

A

spirochaete
causes Lyme disease
organism transmitted from rodent to man by lodes tick
presents w/ skin rash (erythema chronic migrans) & arthritis
organism difficult to grow, serology used

38
Q

Leptospira interrogans

A

spirochaete
causes leptospirosis (Weil’s disease) - febrile illness, systemic upset, renal and liver failure, aseptic meningitis, 10% mortality
infects animals and concentrates in kidneys
spread via urine/other body fluids
sewage workers and people who do water sports at risk

39
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis

A

miscellaneous obligate intracellular
ophthalmic and genital tract infecton - urethritis, cervicitis, PID, lyphogranuloma venereum, neonatal conjunctivitis & trachoma, pneumonia in neonates and immunocompromised
culture laborious, infection diagnosed by detecting chlamydia antigen by EIA or chlamydia DNA by amplification test (e.g. PCR)

40
Q

Mycoplasm hominis

A

miscellaneous
may be involved w/ pelvic inflammatory disease and post-pleural fever
special media must be used
testing not widely available

41
Q

Mycoplasm pneumoniae

A

miscellaneous
important cause of atypical pneumonia
appears in 4 year cycles
diagnosis usually serological, through appearance of antibody, may be considerably delayed, by detection of specific IgM or rising CFT titre

42
Q

Chlamydia psittaci

A 
miscellaneous obligate intracellular 
cause of psittacosis and ornithosis 
contracted by contact w/ birds
present as pneumonia
puts pregnant woman at risk of abortion, they should stay away from sheep during lambing
diagnosis involves serology
43
Q

Chlamydia pneumoniae

A

miscellaneous obligate intracellular
most recent recognised species
culture difficult, serology for antibody best option
tests not widely available right now

44
Q

Mycobacterium leprae

A

alkali and alcohol fast bacilli
causes leprosy - attacks PNS
cannot be cultured
mainly in india, nepal, brazil, parts of africa

45
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

alkali and alcohol fast bacilli
causes tuberculosis
due to specific straining/culture methods - have to request tests for suspected cases
multi-drug resistant TB is big problem in parts of the world
immunisation possible w/ live attenuated BCG strain

Principles of Disease (10 decks)

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