Tumour immunity (year 2)

Question 1

what is a cancer tumour?

Answer 1

damaged cells that don’t undergo apoptosis so metabolism is altered and they grow uncontrollably

Question 2

what is a tumour?

Answer 2

swelling/lesion formed by an abnormal growth of cells

Question 3

are tumours always cancerous?

Answer 3

no

Question 4

what may cause tumours?

Answer 4

oncogenes
dysregulation of tumour suppressor genes
carcinogens
age
genetic susceptibility
immune deficiency
environment
infections (especially virus)

Question 5

what are oncogenes?

Answer 5

protein encoding genes that if they become deregulated trigger onset and development of cancer

Question 6

give an example of a tumour suppressor gene

Answer 6

P53

Question 7

define a benign tumour

Answer 7

tumour found at a single site

Question 8

if a tumour forms secondary tumours, what is it known as?

Answer 8

malignant

Question 9

how are malignant tumours classified?

Answer 9

based on their origin

Question 10

where do carcinomas originate from?

Answer 10

epithelial cells

Question 11

what is the name of tumours that originate from mesenchymal cells or connective tissue?

Answer 11

sarcomas

Question 12

what is the name give to malignant tumours arising from haematopoietic tissues?

Answer 12

leukaemias or lymphomas

Question 13

germ cell tumours originate from which tissue?

Answer 13

reproductive tissue

Question 14

what tissue is the origin of blastoma tumours?

Answer 14

embryonic tissue

Question 15

what is the name of the tumour associated antigen?

Answer 15

neoantigens

Question 16

many tumours will induce tolerance, what does this mean?

Answer 16

they won’t induce an immune response

Question 17

what are the antigen that may be presented by tumours?

Answer 17

tissue specific antigens - normal proteins found in both normal and cancerous cells
viral antigen - foreign proteins due to viral infection
reactivated gene products - normal proteins not usually expect after foetal development
mutated gene products - structurally abnormal proteins

Question 18

tumours can induce inflammation, how does this promote their formation?

Answer 18

endothelial vessels become more leaky allowing faster spread of tumours

Question 19

what cells are involved in tumour surveillance?

Answer 19

macrophage
dendritic (for antigen presentation(
CD8 cytotoxic T cells
NK cells

Question 20

what are the 3 main cells involved in tumour immunity?

Answer 20

NK cell
macrophage
cytotoxic CD8 T cell

Question 21

what are the two ways tumour may induce immunosuppression?

Answer 21

tumour associated macrophages

immunoregulatory T-cells

Question 22

how can macrophages promote tumour growth?

Answer 22

can be seen to be under the control of tumours and aid with angiogenesis, tumour invasion of tissue, inflammation, extravasation

Question 23

how do immunoregulatory T-cells aid tumour growth?

Answer 23

tumours induce IL-10 that blocks T-cell activity

they are also able to induce non-responsive T-cells

Question 24

what three ways may tumour immunotherapy be approached?

Answer 24

non-specific immune stimulation
passive immunisation
active immunisation

Question 25

what may be given for non-specific immune stimulation?

Answer 25

microbial, cytokine and cytokine activators

Question 26

What is the major leukocyte type infiltrating tumours?

Answer 26

macrophages