Immunodeficiencies (year 2)

Question 1

what is meant by an immunodeficiency?

Answer 1

when one/several parts if the immune system is dysfunctional

Question 2

what is a primary immunodeficiency?

Answer 2

genetical/congenital defect that may be hereditory

Question 3

what is a secondary immunodeficiency?

Answer 3

deficiency due to secondary factors such as drugs or infection

Question 4

what are the types of inherited defect?

Answer 4

single gene
multiple genes
chromosomal
mitochondrial

Question 5

most primary immunodeficiencies are autosomal recessive, what does this mean?

Answer 5

this means it is only dangerous when expressed in a homologous matter, if this is true then the offspring usually don’t survive long enough to pass on the gene

Question 6

give two examples of primary deficiencies

Answer 6

complement deficiency (C3 deficiency)
phagocytic defects

Question 7

what is the main phagocytic defect that occurs?

Answer 7

leucocyte adhesion deficiency

Question 8

what is leucocyte adhesion deficiency?

Answer 8

when granulocytes fail to leave blood and enter the site of infection meaning the animal is overwhelmed by infection

Question 9

what animals can get leucocyte adhesion deficiency?

Answer 9

bovine and canine forms

Question 10

what is SCID?

Answer 10

severe combined immunodeficiency

Question 11

describe equine SCID

Answer 11

failure to form antigen binding regions on T/B cell receptors so they have no functional T or B lymphocytes
this leads to death at 4-6 months old

Question 12

describe canine SCID

Answer 12

thymus has low lymphocyte numbers so there are low numbers of T cells in circulation

Question 13

what do secondary immunodeficiencies effect?

Answer 13

lymphoid tissue

Question 14

name a virus which commonly causes immunodeficiency

Answer 14

retrovirus

Question 15

how do secondary immunodeficiencies destroy lymphoid tissue?

Answer 15

they stimulate unusual activity in the lymphoid tissue leading to neoplasia

Question 16

name a non-infectious secondary immunodeficiency

Answer 16

chemotherapy

Question 17

what are the disease stages of FIV?

Answer 17

fever
virus enters lymph nodes
virus replicates in T cells
lymphopenia
bone marrow suppression
death

Question 18

name a canine virus that causes secondary immunodeficiency

Answer 18

canine distemper virus