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Immunology > Tumors > Flashcards

Tumors Flashcards

1
Q

development of blood supply

A

angiogenesis

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2
Q

metastasis

A

leave their site of origin to invade other tissue

spreading of cancer cells to distant sites, focus of new growth

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3
Q

Cancer cells characteristics

A

Stimulate their own growth

Ignore Growth inhibiting signals

They avoid death by apoptosis

Replicate continuously to expand their numbers

Evade or outrun the immune system

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4
Q

tumor, neoplasm

A

cells that are growing abnormally

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5
Q

malignant transformation

A

the process through which a cell becomes able to form a cancer

  • this involves accumulation of multiple mutations in genes that regulate cell division and cell survival
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6
Q

adenoma

A

benign

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7
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

malignant

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8
Q

malignant vs benign

A

malignant is worse than benign

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9
Q

adenoma characterization

A

encapsulated, localized, and limited in size

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10
Q

adenocarcinoma characterization

A

not limited by capsule, invasive, can break through basal laminae and invade adjacent tissues

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11
Q

common sites for tumor development

A

where cells turnover happens a lot or fast

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12
Q

skin cancer

A

melanoma

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13
Q

lymph glands cancer

A

lymphoma

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14
Q

bone marrow cancer

A

leukemia

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15
Q

Causes of cancer

Environmental

A

Chemicals, radiation, virus

Mutagens, carcinogens, oncogenic virus.

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16
Q

Causes of cancer

genetics

A

Predisposition to malignancy can be conferred by mutations in certain gene

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17
Q

BRCA1/BRCA2

A

mutant forms of these tumor suppressor genes increase risk of breast cancer and ovarian cancer by 5 fivefold (60% vs. 12%)

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18
Q

proto-oncogenes

A

genes whose products positively regulate cell division

normal, needed - good…

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19
Q

progression from normal tissue to cancer

A

series of mutations is acquired

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20
Q

oncogenes

A

mutated versions of proto-oncogenes that contribute to malignant transformation

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21
Q

tumor suppressor genes

A

encode proteins that prevent unwanted proliferation of mutant cells

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22
Q

p53 - tumor suppressor gene

A

over 50% of human tumors have a mutation in p53.

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23
Q

Papilloma virus (DNA)

A

worts (benign)
cervical cancer

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24
Q

Hepatitis B virus (DNA)

A

liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma)

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25
Epstein Barr virus (DNA)
cancer of B lymphocytes Nasopharyngeal carcinoma B cell lymphoproliferative disease
26
RNA virus that cause cancer
HTLV1 = T cell leukemia/lymphoma HIV = Kaposi sarcoma
27
leukemia definition
cancer of immune system
28
lymphoma definition
cancers of the immune system involving solid lymphoid tumors
29
myeloma definition
cancers of the immune system involving bone marrow
30
Anti-tumor response: A case of autograft rejection
- Clonal origin, unregulated growth, develop due to spontaneous causes or induced mutations.
31
Mouse infected with chemical carcinogen induced tumor
Take tumor out, give the immune system time to recognize the induced tumor cells. Tumor was put back into mouse --> No tumor growth
32
tumor growth happened in the
syngeneic mouse. CD8T cell can eradicate tumor from the mouse
33
How can the immune system recognize tumors as dangerous and target them for removal?
tumor antigens -tumor specific - tumor associated
34
tumor specific antigens
antigens present on tumor cells, but not on "normal" cells
35
tumor associated antigens
antigens present on tumors, but also on normal cells (at lower expression) are called tumor associated cells
36
example of generation of tumor specific antigen
presentation of mutant peptide through MHC class I. mutant peptide is only found in mutagenic cells
37
example of tumor associated antigens
Embryonic genes - get re-expressed over-expression of normal self protein.
38
Tumor specific antigens (TSAs)
Present on tumor cells, not on normal cells Certain p53, was and B-catenin variants) Products of oncogenic virus (EBV, HPV) --> none of these would be expressed by cells. only virally encoded antigens.
39
TTA
not necessarily unique to tumors tumor specific post-translational modifications MUC-1 abnormal glycolysation and localization
40
TTA over expressed by tumors
Her2-Neu (breast cancer)
41
MUC-1 TTA
abnormal glycosylation and localization
42
cancer/tesis antigens TTA
Restricted to Gametogenic tissue (immunologically privileged) and cancer
43
cancer/testis antigen map to
chromosomes X (50%) immunogenic in cancer patients expression may be associated with tumor progression and with tumors of high metastatic potential
44
how immunogenic are tumors
chemically or radiation induced tumors, viral tumors, due to generation of self
45
not immunogenic tumors
spontaneous tumors
46
immune response against self antigen generally requires breaking
self tolerance
47
tumor evasion
T cells have to see antigen only presented by MHC on the surface of the cell. down regulation MHC -->
48
down regulation of MHC become e
excellent targets for killing by NK cells
49
secreted tumor factors
IL10 TGF-beta PGE-2 all decrease the potency of anti-tumor effector cells.
50
tumors- apoptotic destruction of T cells
FasL TRAIL IDO
51
Tumors down regulate
MHC
52
negative co-stimulation (tumor mediated immune suppression)
CTLA4/B7 interactions PD1/PDL1 interactions down regulation of MHC
53
Treg cells and tumors
suppress immune system. Suppressive activity through IL10 and TGFbeta Depletion of Tregs, through antiCD25, slowed the growth of transplantable tumors.
54
Innate immunity tumor
NK, macrophage, DC
55
Adpative immunity
CD4, CD8 T cells, more limited role for B cells
56
organ often transplanted
kidney
57
best possible match of do not and recipient
Blood type (1) , and MHC (2)
58
goal:
achieve histocompatibility at virtually every locus
59
alloantigen, alloreaction
immune responses directed against MHC that is different than self.
60
three major types of transplantation
blood transfusion solid organ bone marrow
61
transplant rejection for kidney - what happens
recipient T cell at against donor organ
62
graft versus host disease
BM is transplanted from donor to recipient. The recipient receives a new immune system and the T cells from the donor (BM) attacks the recipient

Immunology (18 decks)

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