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Immunology > Tumors > Flashcards

Tumors Flashcards

1
Q

development of blood supply

A

angiogenesis

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2
Q

metastasis

A

leave their site of origin to invade other tissue

spreading of cancer cells to distant sites, focus of new growth

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3
Q

Cancer cells characteristics

A

Stimulate their own growth

Ignore Growth inhibiting signals

They avoid death by apoptosis

Replicate continuously to expand their numbers

Evade or outrun the immune system

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4
Q

tumor, neoplasm

A

cells that are growing abnormally

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5
Q

malignant transformation

A

the process through which a cell becomes able to form a cancer

  • this involves accumulation of multiple mutations in genes that regulate cell division and cell survival
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6
Q

adenoma

A

benign

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7
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

malignant

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8
Q

malignant vs benign

A

malignant is worse than benign

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9
Q

adenoma characterization

A

encapsulated, localized, and limited in size

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10
Q

adenocarcinoma characterization

A

not limited by capsule, invasive, can break through basal laminae and invade adjacent tissues

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11
Q

common sites for tumor development

A

where cells turnover happens a lot or fast

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12
Q

skin cancer

A

melanoma

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13
Q

lymph glands cancer

A

lymphoma

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14
Q

bone marrow cancer

A

leukemia

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15
Q

Causes of cancer

Environmental

A

Chemicals, radiation, virus

Mutagens, carcinogens, oncogenic virus.

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16
Q

Causes of cancer

genetics

A

Predisposition to malignancy can be conferred by mutations in certain gene

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17
Q

BRCA1/BRCA2

A

mutant forms of these tumor suppressor genes increase risk of breast cancer and ovarian cancer by 5 fivefold (60% vs. 12%)

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18
Q

proto-oncogenes

A

genes whose products positively regulate cell division

normal, needed - good…

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19
Q

progression from normal tissue to cancer

A

series of mutations is acquired

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20
Q

oncogenes

A

mutated versions of proto-oncogenes that contribute to malignant transformation

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21
Q

tumor suppressor genes

A

encode proteins that prevent unwanted proliferation of mutant cells

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22
Q

p53 - tumor suppressor gene

A

over 50% of human tumors have a mutation in p53.

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23
Q

Papilloma virus (DNA)

A

worts (benign)
cervical cancer

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24
Q

Hepatitis B virus (DNA)

A

liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma)

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25
Q

Epstein Barr virus (DNA)

A

cancer of B lymphocytes

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

B cell lymphoproliferative disease

26
Q

RNA virus that cause cancer

A

HTLV1 = T cell leukemia/lymphoma

HIV = Kaposi sarcoma

27
Q

leukemia definition

A

cancer of immune system

28
Q

lymphoma definition

A

cancers of the immune system involving solid lymphoid tumors

29
Q

myeloma definition

A

cancers of the immune system involving bone marrow

30
Q

Anti-tumor response: A case of autograft rejection

A
  • Clonal origin, unregulated growth, develop due to spontaneous causes or induced mutations.
31
Q

Mouse infected with chemical carcinogen induced tumor

A

Take tumor out, give the immune system time to recognize the induced tumor cells.

Tumor was put back into mouse –> No tumor growth

32
Q

tumor growth happened in the

A

syngeneic mouse.

CD8T cell can eradicate tumor from the mouse

33
Q

How can the immune system recognize tumors as dangerous and target them for removal?

A

tumor antigens
-tumor specific
- tumor associated

34
Q

tumor specific antigens

A

antigens present on tumor cells, but not on “normal” cells

35
Q

tumor associated antigens

A

antigens present on tumors, but also on normal cells (at lower expression) are called tumor associated cells

36
Q

example of generation of tumor specific antigen

A

presentation of mutant peptide through MHC class I. mutant peptide is only found in mutagenic cells

37
Q

example of tumor associated antigens

A

Embryonic genes - get re-expressed

over-expression of normal self protein.

38
Q

Tumor specific antigens (TSAs)

A

Present on tumor cells, not on normal cells

Certain p53, was and B-catenin variants)

Products of oncogenic virus (EBV, HPV) –> none of these would be expressed by cells. only virally encoded antigens.

39
Q

TTA

A

not necessarily unique to tumors

tumor specific post-translational modifications

MUC-1 abnormal glycolysation and localization

40
Q

TTA over expressed by tumors

A

Her2-Neu (breast cancer)

41
Q

MUC-1 TTA

A

abnormal glycosylation and localization

42
Q

cancer/tesis antigens

TTA

A

Restricted to Gametogenic tissue (immunologically privileged) and cancer

43
Q

cancer/testis antigen map to

A

chromosomes X (50%)

immunogenic in cancer patients

expression may be associated with tumor progression and with tumors of high metastatic potential

44
Q

how immunogenic are tumors

A

chemically or radiation induced tumors, viral tumors, due to generation of self

45
Q

not immunogenic tumors

A

spontaneous tumors

46
Q

immune response against self antigen generally requires breaking

A

self tolerance

47
Q

tumor evasion

A

T cells have to see antigen only presented by MHC on the surface of the cell.

down regulation MHC –>

48
Q

down regulation of MHC become e

A

excellent targets for killing by NK cells

49
Q

secreted tumor factors

A

IL10
TGF-beta
PGE-2

all decrease the potency of anti-tumor effector cells.

50
Q

tumors- apoptotic destruction of T cells

A

FasL
TRAIL
IDO

51
Q

Tumors down regulate

A

MHC

52
Q

negative co-stimulation (tumor mediated immune suppression)

A

CTLA4/B7 interactions

PD1/PDL1 interactions

down regulation of MHC

53
Q

Treg cells and tumors

A

suppress immune system.

Suppressive activity through IL10 and TGFbeta

Depletion of Tregs, through antiCD25, slowed the growth of transplantable tumors.

54
Q

Innate immunity tumor

A

NK, macrophage, DC

55
Q

Adpative immunity

A

CD4, CD8 T cells, more limited role for B cells

56
Q

organ often transplanted

A

kidney

57
Q

best possible match of do not and recipient

A

Blood type (1) , and MHC (2)

58
Q

goal:

A

achieve histocompatibility at virtually every locus

59
Q

alloantigen, alloreaction

A

immune responses directed against MHC that is different than self.

60
Q

three major types of transplantation

A

blood transfusion

solid organ

bone marrow

61
Q

transplant rejection for kidney - what happens

A

recipient T cell at against donor organ

62
Q

graft versus host disease

A

BM is transplanted from donor to recipient. The recipient receives a new immune system and the T cells from the donor (BM) attacks the recipient

Immunology (18 decks)

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