T cell activation Flashcards

1
Q

How are T cells activated?

A
  1. Dendritic cells in the sites of infection take up pathogen derived antigens
  2. When triggered by PAMPs and inflammation at the sites of infection, DC migrate to draining lymph nodes
  3. They undergo maturation, enhancing their ability to present antigen and activate T cells
  4. when they get to the lymph nodes, they interact with T cells in a dynamic process
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2
Q

Naive T cells

A

Prior to recognition and antigen

Need several signals (MHC and costimulation) to become activated. Will die within weeks without antigen stimulation

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3
Q

Effector T cell

A

Activated cell, antigen experienced, needs only 1 signal to respon to MHC-Peptide.

Short lived

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4
Q

Memory T cell

A

Antigen experienced, remain in an easily activated state indefinitely, require only 1 signal to become re-activated

long lived

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5
Q

Naive T cells require:

A

2 signals for activation.

  1. specific MHC peptide complex
  2. Costimulation through B7-1 or B7-2
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6
Q

B7 interacts with

A

CD28

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7
Q

B7-1 and B7-2

A

Costimulatory molecules that are uniquely expressde by DC, macrophages or B cells when they have been activated (or matured) by infection or inflammation.

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8
Q

B7 other name

A

CD80 or CD86

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9
Q

CD28 expressed by

A

T cells

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10
Q

B7-1 and B7-2 are expressed by

A

antigen presenting cells

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11
Q

Naive T cells reside in

A

secondary lymphoid organs

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12
Q

Complex that stabilizes the interaction between T cell and antigen presenting cell

A

adhesion molecules

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13
Q

Which of the following is considered signal 2 for T cell activation?

A

Costimulatory molecules

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14
Q

What happens when T cells recognize their cognate antigen?

A
  • TCR initiate signaling cascade through CD3 and CD4 or CD8
  • Immune synapse forms at site of T cell-APC interaction
  • T cell and APC remain in sustained interaction for many hours, up to and beyond 24hr.
  • T cell disengages, divides and emigrates from lymph node to seek out infected cells in periphery
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15
Q

ITAM

A

Immunoreceptor tyrosine based activation motifs

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16
Q

In a resting T cell …

A
  • ITAMs are not phosphorylated
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17
Q

Binding of MHC ligand to T cell leads to

A

phosphorylation of the ITAMs by receptor associated kinases

18
Q

CD3

A

main signaling complex

19
Q

CD4

A

provides another important aspect of the singaling process

20
Q

Signaling at the cell membrane through signaling molecules ..

A

through calcium flux, leads to general activation of transcription factors.

Ultimately leads to cell division, proliferation, differentiation and different effector T cell functions

21
Q

synapse location

A

between T cell and APC
or

between T and B cell

22
Q

in peripheral SMAC

peripheral supra-molecular cluster (P-SMAC)

A

adhesion molecules

23
Q

central SMAC

Central supra molecular acticvation cluster(C-SMAC)

A

T cell receptor, signaling molecules

24
Q

most important cytokine for T cell proliferation

A

IL-2

binds to IL-2 receptor, expressed by activated T cell receptors with high affiity

25
IL2 T cell Proliferation factor
**Positive feedback**
26
Costimulatory signal and MCH signal leads to
activated T cell
27
MHC (specific) signal alone on T cell leads to
anergic cell enter a period of nonresponsiveness, and then ultimately die
28
Co-stimulatory signal alone leads to
no effect on T cell
29
CD4 / T helper cell types
- TH1 cell - TH2 cell - TH17 cell - Tregs - Follicular helper T cell depends on the cytokines produced by the DC or APC during activation of T cell.
30
Th1 cell
neutrophil, activated macrophage
31
Th2 cell
mast cell, eosinophil, basophil, alternatively activated macrophage
32
Th17 cell
neutrophil
33
Follicular T helper cell associated with
Naive B cell
34
CD8-T cell Type
Proliferation and Cytotoxic T cell (kills virus infected cells)
35
if naive T cells is induced to undergo anergy, it must have recieved
Signal 1 without signal 2
36
Cytotoxic T cells are activated by
Antigen presenting cells
37
Cytotoxins (upregulated for killing) CD8
Perforin Granzymes Granulysin
38
Cytokines (upregulated for killing) CD8
IFNy LT
39
CTL (cytolytic T Cell) can use Fas ligand
to interact with Fas and send an apoptotic signal into the target cell Need **Signal 1 and 2**
40
CTL are activated by one APC
but as they undergo proliferation and differentiation they are dependent on IL2
41
When CD8-T cells move out into the periphery, they
recognize virally infetced target cells and can kill many different target cells without stopping. they are very efficienct. **SIGNAL 1** is sufficient to stop and kill the cell presenting an antigen
42
granules of CD8 T cell
localizes to the area interacting with infected target cell and released the toxic granules onto the surface of the target cell