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Liz's Clinical Chemistry Module 4 > Tumor Markers > Flashcards

Tumor Markers Flashcards

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1
Q

This term means swelling

A

Tumor

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2
Q

Defined as new growth

A

Neoplasm

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3
Q

This type of neoplasm is autonomous, slow-growing; may be locally invasive but does not spread to distant organs

A

Benign

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4
Q

This type of neoplasm is autonomous, rapidly-growing; locally invasive and spreads (metastasizes) to distant organs

A

Malignant

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5
Q

This term means independent of the usual control mechanisms

A

Autonomous

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6
Q

This is a malignant neoplasm

A

Cancer

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7
Q

In benign endocrine tumors, the mass of tumor in the body can be estimated by measuring the concentration of what?

A

Normal cell product in the blood

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8
Q

The mass of most ____ tumors must be assessed by measuring the concentration of molecules known to be increased in patients w/ a specific malignancy

A

Malignant

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9
Q

This neoplasm has some characteristics of the tissue of origin

A

Differentiated neoplasm

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10
Q

This neoplasm has few characteristics of the tissue of origin

A

Poorly-differentiated neoplasm

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11
Q

This neoplasm has no characteristics of the tissue of origin, morphologically or functionally

A

Anaplastic (w/o form) neoplasm

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12
Q

This syndrome has symptoms of a cancer patient that are not a result of local neoplastic growth/spread and are not a result of metastases to distant sites

A

Paraneoplastic syndrome

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13
Q

Three most common paraneoplastic syndromes

A
  • Cushing’s Syndrome
  • Hypercalcemia
  • SIADH
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14
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome

- Causal substance

A

ACTH or ACTH-like substances produced by cancer cells

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15
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome

- Underlying cancers

A
  • Pancreas

- Lung

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16
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome

- Typical lab results

A
  • Excess cortisol release
  • Abnormal FBG
  • Glucose intolerance
  • ↑ serum cortisol concentration
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17
Q

Hypercalcemia

- Causal substance

A

Parathyroid hormone-related protein

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18
Q

Hypercalcemia

- Underlying cancers

A
  • Lung
  • Breast
  • Ovary
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19
Q

Hypercalcemia

- Typical lab results

A

↑ PTH or PTH-related protein detected

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20
Q

SIADH

- Causal substance

A

ADH

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21
Q

SIADH

- Underlying cancers

A
  • Brain

- Lung

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22
Q

SIADH

- Typical lab tests ordered

A

Sodium and osmolality, measured in both serum and urine

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23
Q

This is a substance produced by a tumor, or by the host in response to a tumor, that is used to differentiate a tumor from normal tissue or to determine the presence of a tumor based on measurements in the blood or secretions

A

Tumor marker

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24
Q

Four current uses of tumor markers

A
  • Monitor the treatment and progression of cancer
  • To determine the success of initial treatment (surgery)
  • Detect the presence of cancer
  • Monitor the effectiveness of continuing treatment
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25
Q

Four enzymes that are used as tumor markers

A
  • ALP
  • LD
  • NSE
  • PSA
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26
Q

This tumor marker is seen in primary or secondary liver cancer; greatest elevation seen in patients with prostate cancer with bone metastases

A

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

27
Q

This tumor marker can detect non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, acute leukemia, and testicular cancer

A

Lactate dehydrogenase (LD)

28
Q

This tumor marker is found in neuronal tissue and detects neuroblastomas, carcinoid tumors, and pheochromocytoma

A

Neuron-Specific Enolase (NSE)

29
Q

This tumor marker is primarily used to screen, stage, and monior treatment and recurrence of prostate cancer

A

Prostate-specific Ag (PSA)

30
Q

Seven hormones that are used as tumor markers

A
  • ACTH
  • Calcitonin
  • Gastrin
  • hCG
  • Catecholamines (nor/epinephrine, dopamine)
  • Serotonin
  • 5-HIAA
31
Q

This tumor marker detects pituitary tumors or ectopic ACTH producing tumors

A

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

32
Q

This tumor marker is used to detect familial medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (autosomal dominant)

A

Calcitonin

33
Q

This tumor marker is used to detect gastrinomas, which cause Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

A

Gastrin

34
Q

This marker is elevated in trophoblastic diseases (associated with the uterine endometrial lining) and germ cell tumors; can go along with AFP to identify testicular tumors

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

35
Q

These two catecholamines are increased in pheochromocytomas (tumors in adrenal medulla)

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

36
Q

This catecholamine is increased in neuroblastomas

A

Dopamine

37
Q

This tumor marker arises from carcinoid tumors of the GI tract and pancreas

A
  • Serotonin

- 5-HIAA

38
Q

In cancer patients, production of these antigens demonstrates that certain genes are reactivated during malignant cellular transformation

A

Oncofetal Ags

39
Q

Two oncofetal Ags that are used as tumor markers

A
  • Alpha fetoprotein (AFP)

- Carcinoembryonic Ag (CEA)

40
Q

This is found in hepatocellular and germ cell (non-seminoma) carcinoma
LIVER CANCER

A

Alpha fetoprotein (AFP)

41
Q

This marker is useful for colorectal carcinoma (70%) COLON CANCER

A

Carcinoembryonic Ag (CEA)

42
Q

Four CHO Ags that are used as tumor markers

A
  • CA 15-3
  • CA 27.29
  • CA 549
  • CA 125
43
Q

This marker is elevated in 69% of cases of breast cancer; not used to diagnost but most useful in followup of treated breast cancer

A

CA 15-3

44
Q

This marker is used for the detection of recurrent breast cancer in patients with stage II or stage III disease

A

CA 27.29

45
Q

This marker is usedful in detecting active breast cancer, but not early breast cancer

A

CA 549

46
Q

This is used as a marker for ovarian cancer, useful in differentiating benign from malignant disease in patients with palpable ovarian masses

A

CA 125

47
Q

This is useful in the detection of pancreatic and colorectal cancer

A

Blood Group Ag: CA 19-9

48
Q

Three proteins that are used as tumor markers

A
  • Igs
  • S-100
  • Thyroglobulin and Abs
49
Q

Used as a marker for multiple myeloma for over 100 years

A

Igs

50
Q

Histological marker for melanoma and melanoma metastases

A

S-100

51
Q

Used to diagnose differentiated thyroid cancer

A

Thyroglobulin and Abs

52
Q

Used as indicators for therapy in breast cancer

A

Estrogen and progesterone receptors

53
Q

Genetic oncogenes that are used as tumor markers

A
  • ras
  • c-myc
  • Her-2/neu
  • bcl-2
  • BCR-ABL
54
Q

Neuroblastoma and AML and 95% of pancreatic cancers

A

ras

55
Q

If activated, there is an association with B- and T-cell lymphoma

A

c-myc

56
Q

Amplification is found in breast tumors and used for prognosis

A

Her-2/neu

57
Q

Expressed in lymphomas, myeloma, and chronic leukemias

A

bcl-2

58
Q

Useful in the diagnosis and in the directing of treatment in CML

A

BCR-ABL

59
Q

Tumor-suppressor genes that are used as tumor markers

A
  • Retinoblastoma gene
  • p53 gene
  • APC
  • BRCA1 and BRCA2
60
Q

Loss of banding on this gene leads to a rare pediactric tumor called retinoblastoma

A

Retinoblastoma

61
Q

Deletions in this gene may bead to colon carcinoma

A

p53

62
Q

Loss leads to colorectal cancer with or without many polyps

A

APC

63
Q

Reasonably certain prediction that the woman will develop breat (85% of patients) or ovarian cancer (45%) by the age of 85

A

BRCA1 and BRCA2

Liz's Clinical Chemistry Module 4 (5 decks)

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