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Liz's Clinical Chemistry Module 4 > Endocrine Function I: Basic Concepts, Hypothalamic, and Pituitary Hormones > Flashcards

Endocrine Function I: Basic Concepts, Hypothalamic, and Pituitary Hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

Five basic functions of hormones

A
  1. Maintenance of consistency of chemical composition of extra and intracellular fluids
  2. Regulation of growth and development of the body, plus development of male and female sex characteristics
  3. Promotion of sexual maturation, maintenance of sexual rhythms and facilitation of the reproductive process
  4. Regulation of energy production; stabilization of the metabolic rate; tight regulation of salt, water, CHO, fat, and protein metabolism
  5. Helping the body adjust to stress
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2
Q

Three major classes of hormones

A
  • Protein
  • Steroid
  • Amino acid derivatives
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3
Q

Protein

  • Specific chemical composition and derivation
  • Example
A
  • Amino acid (water soluble, travels through bloodstream w/o carrier)
  • All “P” organs: pituitary, hypothalamus, parathyroid, portions of the GI tract, and pancreas
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4
Q

Protein

- Mechanism of action

A

These (along with catecholamines or protein-bound hormones), effect their cellular action by binding to cellular receptors. They need a “second messenger” to pass their cellular message to interior of cell.

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5
Q

Why is a second messenger necessary?

A

The first messenger is the protein polypeptide, or catecholamine hormone itself, because it is not lipid-soluble, it cannot pass through the membrane.

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6
Q

The second messenger is ____ ____, formed by adenyl cyclase catalysis

A

cyclic AMP (cAMP)

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7
Q

Steroid hormone

  • Specific chemical composition and derivation
  • Example
A
  • Derived from cholesterol

- Nucleus: Perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene

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8
Q

Steroid hormone
- They’re hydrophobic and require ____ ____ to be transported in blood. Must dissociate from carrier to be biologically active; the ____ hormone is biologically active

A

Carrier proteins; FREE

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9
Q

Steroid hormone

- Metabolism

A
  • They must be catabolized by liver to water-soluble, inactive forms
  • Hydroxylation, oxidation, or reaction w/ glucuronic acid or sulfate forms conjugates, which are excreted in the urine
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10
Q

Steroid hormone

- Mechanism of action

A

Lipid-soluble so pass through cell membrane, then they associate with a specific cytoplasmic receptor protein. This is transported to cell nucleus, inducing messenger RNA synthesis

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11
Q

Aromatic amine hormones are small molecules derived from the amino acid ____

A

Tyrosine

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12
Q

Aromatic amine hormones

- Examples

A

Includes both thyroid hormones and catecholamines hormones from the adrenal medulla

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13
Q

Aromatic amine hormone

- Are ____-____ and require carrier proteins, principally albumin, for transport in bloodstream

A

Water-insoluble

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14
Q

Aromatic amine hormone

- Catabolism and excretion

A

Catabolized in liver by deiodination or oxidation to inactive forms to be excreted

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15
Q

Aromatic amine action

- Thyroid hormones use what pathway to enter the cell?

A

mRNA pathway

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16
Q

Aromatic amine action

- Catecholamines use what pathway to enter the cell?

A

Use the second messenger (cAMP) pathway

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17
Q

ESSAY: What is the importance of feedback mechanisms?

A

W/o feedback, homeostasis is not maintained and person gets “sick”

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18
Q

ESSAY: Explain negative feedback

A

When you have too much final product, you send signals to the first and second steps to tell them not to produce any more stimuli

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19
Q

ESSAY: Explain positive feedback

A

Usually in pregnancy, keep producing estrogen: ↑ estrogen → ↑ FSH/LH → ↑ feedback → ↑ estrogen

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20
Q

What does the hypothalamus synthesize from specialized neurosecretory cells?

A

Neurocrine polypeptide releasing factors

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21
Q

What is the interaction of hypothalamic releasing factors and anterior pituitary hormones?

A

The hypothalamus can produce releasing AND inhibiting factors that will work on the anterior pituitary to produce more hormones

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22
Q

Anterior pituitary produces either trophic or direct-acting hormones. How do they elicit their effects on the target organ?

A
  • Trophic: stimulate another endocrine gland to manufacture a second hormone that affects metabolism
  • Direct acting: elicit effects directly one the target organ
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23
Q

What does the posterior pituitary do?

A

Stores and releases (does NOT manufacture) hypothalamic hormones

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24
Q

What are the two hormones that posterior pituitary stores?

A

ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin

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25
Q

General causes of primary hormonal dysfunctional states

A

Involves the target organ producing hormone

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26
Q

General causes of secondary hormonal dysfunctional states

A

Generally involves the trophic hormone produced at the pituitary level

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27
Q

General causes of tertiary hormonal dysfunctional states

A

Generally involves the releasing factors produced at the hypothalamic level

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28
Q

What is the clinical usefulness of baseline level tests?

A

Randomly drawn specimen that reveals hyperfunction or hypofunction, but does not reveal the mechanism or level of dysfunction

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29
Q

What is the clinical usefulness of stimulation tests?

A

Used to assess a HYPOFUNCTIONING endocrine organ; useful in determining the reserve capacity of an endocrine organ to produce hormone

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30
Q

What is the clinical usefulness of suppression test?

A

Used to assess a HYPERFUNCTIONING endocrine organ; useful in pinpointing the level of dysfunction

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31
Q

Primary hyperpituitarism

- Hormone involved in the most common dysfunction

A

Prolactin-secreting adenoma

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32
Q

Primary hyperpituitarism

- Time frame in which growth hormone dysfunction causes acromegaly and gigantism

A
  • Gigantism: too much growth before growth plate or long bones seal (childhood)
  • Acromegaly: after closure so growth of cartilage areas (later on in life)
33
Q

Most common cause of secondary hyperpituitarism

A

Neurogenic tumors of the hypothalamus

34
Q

Two common causes associated w/ pnhypopituitarism

A

Hemorrhages and tumors are most common causes

35
Q

Typical hormone levels associated w/ panhypopituitarism

A

Onset is gradual with initial loss of GH, LH, and FSH, followed by TSH, ACTH, and finally PRL

36
Q

Disease state associated w/ a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Diabetes insipidus

37
Q

Disease state associated w/ an excess of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

SIADH

38
Q

A substance produced by specialized cells in some part of the body and carried by the bloodstream to target organs in the body

A

Endocrine hormone

39
Q

A substance synthesized in neurons and released into the extracellular space, binding to receptors in nearby cells to affect function

A

Neurocrine hormone

40
Q

A substance synthesized in endocrine cells and released into the intestinal lumen

A

Exocrine hormone

41
Q

?

A

Acromegaly

42
Q

Trophic hormones produced by the anterior pituitary

A
  • TSH
  • ACTH
  • FSH
  • LH
43
Q

TSH

- Full name

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

44
Q

TSH

- Specific target organ(s)

A

Thyroid gland

45
Q

TSH

- Principle biological effects

A

Stimulation of thyroid hormone formation and secretion

46
Q

TSH

- Chemical nature

A

Glycoproteins

47
Q

FSH

- Full name

A

Follicle-stimulating hormones

48
Q

FSH

- Specific target organ(s)

A

Testis or ovary

49
Q

FSH

- Principle biologic effects

A
  • Men: spermatogenesis and seminiferous tubule development

- Women: follicular growth

50
Q

FSH

- Chemical nature

A

Glycoprotein

51
Q

LH

- Full name

A

Luteinizing hormone

52
Q

LH

- Specific target organ(s)

A

Testis or ovary

53
Q

LH

- Principle biologic effects

A
  • Men: stimulation of interstitial tissue; androgen secretion
  • Women: stimulation of ovulation; corpus luteum formation; progesterone secretion
54
Q

LH

- Chemical nature

A

Glycoprotein

55
Q

ACTH

- Full name

A

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone

56
Q

ACTH

- Specific target organ(s)

A

Adrenal cortex

57
Q

ACTH

- Principle biologic effects

A

Adrenocortical hormone biogenesis and release

58
Q

ACTH

- Chemical nature

A

Polypeptide

59
Q

PRL

- Full name

A

Prolactin

60
Q

PRL

- Specific target organ(s)

A

Mammary gland

61
Q

PRL

- Principle biologic effects

A

Mammary gland proliferation; initiation of milk secretion, insulin antagonist

62
Q

PRL

- Chemical nature

A

Protein

63
Q

GH

- Full name

A

Growth hormone (somatotropin)

64
Q

GH

- Specific target organ(s)

A

Body as a whole

65
Q

GH

- Principle biologic effects

A

Growth of bone and muscle

66
Q

GH

- Chemical nature

A

Protein

67
Q

MSH

- Full name

A

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

68
Q

MSH

- Specific target organ(s)

A

Skin

69
Q

MSH

- Principle biologic effects

A

Dispersion of pigment granules; skin darkening

70
Q

MSH

- Chemical nature

A

Peptide

71
Q

ADH

- Full name

A

Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

72
Q

ADH

- Specific target organ(s)

A

Renal tubules

73
Q

ADH

- Principle biologic effects

A

Water reabsorption

74
Q

ADH

- Chemical nature

A

Peptide

75
Q

Oxytocin

- Target organ(s)

A

Smooth muscles (uterus, mammary gland)

76
Q

Oxytocin

- Principle biological effects

A

Contraction, ejection of milk

77
Q

Oxytocin

- Chemical nature

A

Peptide

78
Q

Direct-acting hormones produced by the anterior pituitary

A
  • PRL
  • GH
  • MSH

Liz's Clinical Chemistry Module 4 (5 decks)

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