Tumor markers Flashcards
5 characteristics of ideal tumor markers
specific
lead time
sensitive
short half life
cost effective
highly specific to a given tumor and absent in healthy populations
specific
present in measurable amounts even in small tumor growth
lead time
low false positive rates
sensitive
correlates woth progression or regression of malignancy
short half life
acceptable to yarget population and easily obtainable sample
cost effective
Two classification of tumor markers
according to location
according to chemical structure
classification of tumor markers according to location
circulating tumor markers
tumor tissue marker
found in urine, blood stool and other body fluids and determined by RMT
circulating tumor markers
found in tissue biopsy and determined by pathologist
tumor tissue marker
function of circulating tumor marker
- estimate prognosis
- detect residual disease
- assess treatment response
- monitor resistance to therapy
function of tumor tissue marker
- diagnose, stage, classify tumor
- estimate prognosis
- select appropriate treatment
types of tumor markers according to chemical structure
- enzyme
- hormone
- oncofetal antigen
- tumor associated antigen
- special serum proteins
- miscellaneous markers
enumerate enzyme tumor markers
- ACP
- ALP
- LDH
- tdt
- neuron-specific enolase
ACP
> 3 ng/mL
advanced phase of prostatic cancer
ALP
metastases of bone, liiver and osteogenic sarcomas
LDH
lung
cervix
colon
leukemia
lymphoma
tdt
terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase
leukemia
neuron specific enolase
neuroblastoma
brain tumor
small cell tumor of the lungs
enumerate hormone tumor markers
- b-hCG
- catecholamine
- calcitonin
- adenocorticotropic hormone
- thymidine kinase
beta HCG
hormone chorionic gonadotropin
1. trophoblastic tumors
2. choriocarcinoma
3. germ cell tumor of ovary and testes
pregnancy, hydatidifor moles
catecholamines
pheochromocytoma
neuroblastoma
ganglioneroma
calcitonin
medullary thyroid tumor
adenocorticotropic hormone
adrenal
cell carcinoma of lungs
thymidine kinase
leukemia
lymphoma
brain tumor
breast cancer
small cell lung cancer
enumerate oncofetal antigen
- alpha fetoprotein
- carcino embryonic antigen
AFP
95-100% sensitivity and specificity for primary liver or hepatocellular cancer
60% for nonseminoma germ tumor for prostate, lung, ovary, testes, gastric
CEA
colorectal cancer
breasts lung and other metastases
enumerate tumor associated antigen
- CA 15 3
- CA 125
- CA 19 9
- PSA
CA 15 3
Breast cancer
prostatic, ovarian, gastrointestinal, cervical
CA 125
Ovarian cancer
breast
benign and malignant gynecological diseases (endometriosis, endometiiral cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer)
non gynecological (lung, prostatic, peritoneal malignant mesothelioma)
CA 19 9
pancreatic and liver cancer
colorectal
ovarian
gastrointestinal
PSA
prostatic cancer
enunerate special serum proteins
- ferritin
- thyroglobulin
- beta 2 microglobulin
- bombesin
- S 100
ferritin
leukemic states
1. leukemia
2. lymphoma (Hodgkin’s lymphoma)
others
1. prostatic
2. liver
3. lung
thyroglobulin
follicular thyroid carcinoma
beta 2 microglobulin
lung
pancreatic
colorectal
breast
especially: LYMPHOMA
CHRONIC LYMPHOID LEUKEMIA
bombesin
- pancreatic cancer
- neuroblastoma
- gastric cancer
- small cell carcinoma of lungs
S 100
meningioma
astrocytoma
neurinoma
glioblastoma
prognostic factor: MALIGNANT MELANOMA
enumerate miscellaneous markers
- polyamines
- nucleosides
- tissue polypeptide antigen
enumerate polyamines
spermine
spermidine
putrescine
urine in rapid regeneration of cells in certain tissues
nucleosides
- dimethylguanosine
- pseudoridine
eneter circulation in large amounts in enhanced cellular proliferation
non specific marker of enhance cellular proliferation
tissue polypeptide antigen
