Toxicology 2 Flashcards
clinical syndromes that comprise a variety of
clinical signs and symptoms that suggest a specific class of poisoning
Toxic syndromes or “Toxidromes”
Anticholinergic toxidromes
picking movements
abnormal speech
agitation
apprehension
tremor
confusion
hallucination
Cholinergic toxidromes (acetylcholine neurotransmitter)
Cardiotoxicity (tachydysrhythmia or bradydysrhythmia)
muscular weakness
respiratory failure (increased airway
resistance, neuromuscular failure and depression of central respiratory centers)
Opioid toxidromes
Bradycardia
coma
hypotension
hypothermia
respiratory depression
Sedative hypnotic toxidromes
Diplopia (seeing 2 images instead of one)
nystagmus (involuntary, repetitive and rapid eye movements)
Sympathomimetic (norepinephrine
neurotransmitter)
CNS excitation
diaphoresis
hypertension
hyperpyrexia
mydriasis (unusual widening or dilation of the pupils)
Abnormal speech, agitation, apprehension, confusion, hallucination, picking movements and tremor
Anticholinergic
Cardiotoxicity (tachydysrhythmia or bradydysrhythmia), muscular weakness, respiratory failure (increased airway resistance, neuromuscular failure and depression of central respiratory centers)
Cholinergic
Bradycardia, coma, hypotension, hypothermia and respiratory depression
Opioid
Diplopia (seeing 2 images instead of one) and nystagmus (involuntary, repetitive and rapid eye movements)
Sedative hypnotic
CNS excitation, diaphoresis, hypertension, hyperpyrexia and mydriasis (unusual widening or dilation of the pupils)
Sympathomimetic
four types of chemical interactions
additive
synergistic
potentiation
antagonistic
occurs when the combined effect of two chemicals is equal to the sum of the effect of each agent alone.
additive effect
when the combined effects of two chemicals are
much greater than the sum of the effects of each agent given alone.
synergistic effect
when the toxic effect of one chemical is enhanced in the presence of a toxicologically unrelated agent.
Potentiation
opposing actions of two or more chemical
agents or when these chemicals interfere with each other’s actions
Antagonistic
3 TYPES OF TOXICITY?
Immediate versus delayed toxicity
Reversible versus irreversible toxicity
Local versus systemic toxicity
occur rapidly after a single administration of the
substance
Immediate toxic effects
occur after the lapse of some time
delayed toxic effects
Most toxic substances produce _____toxic effects, except _____
immediate
carcinogenic chemicals (20-30 yrs)
determines reversible versus irreversible toxicity
ability of the injured tissue to regenerate
Toxic injuries to the ______ are often reversible
______ are irreversible
liver
CNS
chemicals considered to have irreversible toxic effects.
Carcinogenic and teratogenic
occurs at the site of first contact
Local toxicity
requires metabolism of the toxic substance from its entry point to a distant site, wherein deleterious
effects are produced.
systemic toxicity
Most substances produce (Local versus systemic)
systemic effects
Target organs in order of frequency of involvement in systemic toxicity are
CNS
circulatory system (blood, hematopoietic system)
visceral organs (liver, kidney, lung, skin)
seldom target tissues for systemic effects.
Muscle and bone
Allergic reactions typically involve a ___ complex to illicit an immune response.
hapten-protein
refers to a genetically determined abnormal reaction to a chemical
chemical idiosyncrasy
histogram that basically describes the comparison of
responses of a therapeutic drug over a range of doses.
dose-response curve
x-axis of dose-response curve
logarithm concentration of the drug
y- axis
response effect
highest dose of a drug or chemical at which no response is measured
no observable effect level (NOEL),
the dose at which an effect is first measured
lowest observable effect level (LOEL)
the dose of the drug that would be
predicted to produce a toxic response in 50% of the population
TD50
the dose that would be predicted to be effective or having a therapeutic benefit in 50% of the population.
ED50
