Tumor Flashcards
tumor suppressor genes
Rb p53 APC INK4A Bcl2 nm23 BRCA 1/2
Rb
(tumor suppressor gene)
location: chromosome 13
function: nucleus - cell cycle, inhibits it until it is ready
p53
(tumor suppressor gene)
location: chromosome 17
function: nucleus - DNA repair, apoptosis
INK4A
(tumor suppressor gene)
location: chromosome 9
function: nucleus - cell cycle, p53 function
Bcl2
(tumor suppressor gene)
location: chromosome 18
function: mitochondria - apoptosis
nm23
(tumor suppressor gene)
location: chromosome 17
function: mitochondria - metastasis
BRCA2
(tumor suppressor gene)
location: chromosome 13
function: nucleus- repair
- predisposes familial breast cancer
APC
(tumor suppressor gene)
location: chromosome 5
function: cytoskeleton - cell-cell recognition (prevents the cells from overlapping one another and over proliferate y monitoring how it connects to other cells), ensure the right number of chromosomes.
- colorectal cancer
BRCA1
(tumor suppressor gene)
location: chromosome 17
function: nucleus - repair
- breast cancer
Oncogene examples
B-raf Cyclin D1 ErbB2 c-Myc K-ras, N-ras BCL2 RET sis HER2/neu Cyclin D CDK 4
tumor biomarkers
alpha fetoprotein Carcinoma embryonic antigen (CEA) Oestrogen receptor Prostate specific antigen K-ras Braf EGFR PD-L1 Her2
alpha fetoprotein
(tumor biomarker)
protein found in the fetus that are present in adult cancer cells.
- Teratoma of testis (men genital cancer)
- Hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer)
CEA
(tumor biomarker)
colorectal cancer
oestrogen receptor
(tumor biomarker)
breast cancer
prostate specific antigen
(tumor biomarker)
prostate cancer
K-ras
is actually a gene that acts as an on/off switch for cell signalling and controls cell proliferation
- is also a biomarker for colorectal cancer
- point mutation
- cancer in lung, colon, pancreas, leukaemia
Braf
(tumor biomarker)
melanoma
EGFR
(tumor biomarker)
lung cancer
PDL1
(tumor biomarker) lung cancer (more advanced treatment)
Her2
(tumor biomarker, is also epidermal growth factor receptor)
- breast cancer
-gastric cancer (the stomach)
can be treated with herceptin
enzyme that does matrix degradation in cancer spread
proteolytic enzymes
common sites of metastasis (secondary tumors)
Liver (common secondary tumor in colorectal cancer)
Lung
Brain
Bone (axial skeleton, rare in limb bones, usually comes from breast and prostate cancer)
Adrenal gland
Omentum (the fat found in abdominal cavity)/peritoneum (comes from ovary cancer)
common site of metastasis in colorectal cancer
liver
where is secondary tumor in bone likely to occur?
axial skeleton (rare in limb bones)
comes from:
- breast cancer
- prostate cancer
secondary tumor in the fat surround ing the abdominal cavity in
- ovarian cancer
- other cancers
- peritoneum
2. omentum
UNcommon sites of metastasis
Spleen
Kidney
Skeletal muscle
Heart
4 modes of cancer spread
local spread
lymphatic spread
blood spread
transcoelomic spread
ADH and ACTH
substances secreted in malignant lung cancer that stimulates endocrine glands to produce more steroid hormones than normal
- abnormal secretion of hormones because normally, lungs do not cause hormone production.
4 systemic side effects of malignant cancer
cancer cachexia
normal/abnormal secretion of hormones
paraneoplastic syndromes
other treatment side effects
2 side effects of benign cancer
compression
obstruction
local side effects of malignant cancer
compression
obstruction
tissue destruction (ulceration, infection)
bleeding
pain
treatment side effects (weakened immunity, inflammation)
define dysplasia
abnormal organ growth
- can be detected by screening.
is only premalignant stage, but may progress to cancer
define intraepithelial neoplasia
cancer cells form on the surface of tissue or organ
- can be benign or malignant
define hemicolectomy
removal of a part of the colon
- most likely to be malignant cancer
genes that cause inherited nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome
hMSH2
hMLH1
MSH6
examples of inherited cancers
familial adenomatous polyposis of colon familial retinoblastoma hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome Li-Fraimei syndrome Multiple endocrine neoplasia Von Hippel Lindau Syndrome
Tumor suppressor genes associated with inherited cancers
APC - FAP cancer
p53 - Li-Fraimei, multiple carcinomas
Rb - retinoblastoma, osteocarcinomas (as a result of retinoblastoma)
p16 (INK4A) - malignant melanoma
what type of gene is Her2?
epidermal growth factor receptor
viruses that tend to cause cancer
HPV
Hepatitis B
EBV (Epstein-Barr virus)
HPV causes
genital, throat, anal cancer, cervical cancer
Hep B causes
liver cancer
EBV causes (a type of Herpes virus)
lymphoma
Florid perianal cancer define
cancer in the anus
- locally advanced with no metastasis
chemical carcinogen examples
mustard gas (nitrogen mustard) → leukemia
Aniline dyes → bladder cancer
Aflatoxin → liver
Alcohol and smoking → lungs, head and neck, GI
what cancer does mustard gas cause
leukimia
what cancer does aniline dyes cause
bladder
what cancer does aflatoxin cause
liver
what cancer does alcohol and smoking cause
lungs, head and neck, GI
3 ways ionising radiation can cause cancer
- Chromosome translocation
- Gene amplification
- Oncogene activation
- fyi: risk increases with smoking
- remember Aberdeen granite
Retroviruses HTLV1 causes
adult T cell leukaemia, lymphoma
Retroviruses HTLV2
hair cell leukaemia
BCL2 oncogene activation causes
follicular lymphoma
- done by preventing apoptosis
what cancer does RET (oncogene cause)
MEN2 (multiple endocrine neoplasia)
familial medullary thyroid cancer
genes that have to do with DAN repair (mismatch repair)
MLH1 MSH2 MSH6 PMS1 PMS2
can nulliparity cause breast cancer?
YES
nulliplarity is when women has never given birth in her life.
genes contributing to familial breast cancer
High risk: BRCA1 BRCA2 TP53 PALB2 PTEN STK11 CHEK2 homozygotes ATM mutation c.7271T>G
Moderate risk: CHEK2 heterozygous mutation ATM (except c.7271T>G) BRIP1 Possibly RAD51C and RAD51D
genes contributing to familial ovarian cancer
High risk: BRCA1 BRCA2 TP53 RAD51C RAD51D Mis-match repair genes
Moderate risk:
PALB2
BARD1
what is the meaning of cnogenital?
present at birth
what is MYH
base repair gene that is responsible for CRC syndrome.
- is recessive
- associated with MAP of polyposis hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome
describe CAR
patient’s T lymphocytes are taken out of the body, injected with viral therapeutic gene, and returned to the patient where it will produce surface T cell receptors called chimeric agent receptors (CAR) that will recognize specific tumor antigens.
define cancer cachexia
weight loss due to changes in metabolism
abnormal hormone production in lung cancer
caused by release if ACTH/ADH by lung cancer cells that stimulate steroid hormone production.
c-myc
- transcription activator
- Bur-kit lymphoma
cyclin D
- cell cycle regulator
- translocation: mantle cell lymphoma
- amplification: breast, liver, oesophageal
CDK4
- cyclin dependent kinase in cell cycle regulation
- amplification - melanoma
sis
- platelet derived growth factor
- over expression - astrocytoma, osteosarcoma
what mutation in leukaemia stops chemo from working?
EFGR mutation.
what drug can be used to cure or prevent breast cancer?
tamoxifen, although it gives lots of negative side effects.
- used to treat ER positive breast cancer
what role does IFN-a play?
alpha interferon is a type of cytokine that is released to deal with viral infections and some cancer by promoting differentiation of some immune cells. However, using this for treatment would bring side effects.
rifutimab
used to treat lymphoma
trastuzumab
used to treat HER 2 breast cancer
cetuximab
used against EGFR mutations (leukemia) and CRC
