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Principles of Disease > Tumor > Flashcards

Tumor Flashcards

1
Q

tumor suppressor genes

A 
Rb 
p53 
APC 
INK4A 
Bcl2 
nm23 
BRCA 1/2
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2
Q

Rb

A

(tumor suppressor gene)

location: chromosome 13
function: nucleus - cell cycle, inhibits it until it is ready

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3
Q

p53

A

(tumor suppressor gene)

location: chromosome 17
function: nucleus - DNA repair, apoptosis

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4
Q

INK4A

A

(tumor suppressor gene)

location: chromosome 9
function: nucleus - cell cycle, p53 function

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5
Q

Bcl2

A

(tumor suppressor gene)

location: chromosome 18
function: mitochondria - apoptosis

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6
Q

nm23

A

(tumor suppressor gene)

location: chromosome 17
function: mitochondria - metastasis

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7
Q

BRCA2

A

(tumor suppressor gene)

location: chromosome 13
function: nucleus- repair
- predisposes familial breast cancer

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8
Q

APC

A

(tumor suppressor gene)

location: chromosome 5
function: cytoskeleton - cell-cell recognition (prevents the cells from overlapping one another and over proliferate y monitoring how it connects to other cells), ensure the right number of chromosomes.
- colorectal cancer

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9
Q

BRCA1

A

(tumor suppressor gene)

location: chromosome 17
function: nucleus - repair
- breast cancer

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10
Q

Oncogene examples

A 
B-raf
Cyclin D1
ErbB2 
c-Myc 
K-ras, N-ras
BCL2
RET
sis
HER2/neu
Cyclin D
CDK 4
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11
Q

tumor biomarkers

A 
alpha fetoprotein 
Carcinoma embryonic antigen (CEA)
Oestrogen receptor 
Prostate specific antigen
K-ras 
Braf
EGFR 
PD-L1
Her2
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12
Q

alpha fetoprotein

A

(tumor biomarker)
protein found in the fetus that are present in adult cancer cells.
- Teratoma of testis (men genital cancer)
- Hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer)

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13
Q

CEA

A

(tumor biomarker)

colorectal cancer

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14
Q

oestrogen receptor

A

(tumor biomarker)

breast cancer

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15
Q

prostate specific antigen

A

(tumor biomarker)

prostate cancer

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16
Q

K-ras

A

is actually a gene that acts as an on/off switch for cell signalling and controls cell proliferation

  • is also a biomarker for colorectal cancer
  • point mutation
  • cancer in lung, colon, pancreas, leukaemia
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17
Q

Braf

A

(tumor biomarker)

melanoma

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18
Q

EGFR

A

(tumor biomarker)

lung cancer

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19
Q

PDL1

A 
(tumor biomarker)
lung cancer (more advanced treatment)
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20
Q

Her2

A

(tumor biomarker, is also epidermal growth factor receptor)
- breast cancer
-gastric cancer (the stomach)
can be treated with herceptin

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21
Q

enzyme that does matrix degradation in cancer spread

A

proteolytic enzymes

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22
Q

common sites of metastasis (secondary tumors)

A

Liver (common secondary tumor in colorectal cancer)
Lung
Brain
Bone (axial skeleton, rare in limb bones, usually comes from breast and prostate cancer)
Adrenal gland
Omentum (the fat found in abdominal cavity)/peritoneum (comes from ovary cancer)

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23
Q

common site of metastasis in colorectal cancer

A

liver

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24
Q

where is secondary tumor in bone likely to occur?

A

axial skeleton (rare in limb bones)
comes from:
- breast cancer
- prostate cancer

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25
Q

secondary tumor in the fat surround ing the abdominal cavity in

  1. ovarian cancer
  2. other cancers
A
  1. peritoneum

2. omentum

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26
Q

UNcommon sites of metastasis

A

Spleen
Kidney
Skeletal muscle
Heart

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27
Q

4 modes of cancer spread

A

local spread
lymphatic spread
blood spread
transcoelomic spread

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28
Q

ADH and ACTH

A

substances secreted in malignant lung cancer that stimulates endocrine glands to produce more steroid hormones than normal
- abnormal secretion of hormones because normally, lungs do not cause hormone production.

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29
Q

4 systemic side effects of malignant cancer

A

cancer cachexia
normal/abnormal secretion of hormones
paraneoplastic syndromes
other treatment side effects

30
Q

2 side effects of benign cancer

A

compression

obstruction

31
Q

local side effects of malignant cancer

A

compression
obstruction
tissue destruction (ulceration, infection)
bleeding
pain
treatment side effects (weakened immunity, inflammation)

32
Q

define dysplasia

A

abnormal organ growth
- can be detected by screening.
is only premalignant stage, but may progress to cancer

33
Q

define intraepithelial neoplasia

A

cancer cells form on the surface of tissue or organ

- can be benign or malignant

34
Q

define hemicolectomy

A

removal of a part of the colon

- most likely to be malignant cancer

35
Q

genes that cause inherited nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome

A

hMSH2
hMLH1
MSH6

36
Q

examples of inherited cancers

A 
familial adenomatous polyposis of colon
familial retinoblastoma
hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome
Li-Fraimei syndrome
Multiple endocrine neoplasia 
Von Hippel Lindau Syndrome
37
Q

Tumor suppressor genes associated with inherited cancers

A

APC - FAP cancer
p53 - Li-Fraimei, multiple carcinomas
Rb - retinoblastoma, osteocarcinomas (as a result of retinoblastoma)
p16 (INK4A) - malignant melanoma

38
Q

what type of gene is Her2?

A

epidermal growth factor receptor

39
Q

viruses that tend to cause cancer

A

HPV
Hepatitis B
EBV (Epstein-Barr virus)

40
Q

HPV causes

A

genital, throat, anal cancer, cervical cancer

41
Q

Hep B causes

A

liver cancer

42
Q

EBV causes (a type of Herpes virus)

A

lymphoma

43
Q

Florid perianal cancer define

A

cancer in the anus

- locally advanced with no metastasis

44
Q

chemical carcinogen examples

A

mustard gas (nitrogen mustard) → leukemia
Aniline dyes → bladder cancer
Aflatoxin → liver
Alcohol and smoking → lungs, head and neck, GI

45
Q

what cancer does mustard gas cause

A

leukimia

46
Q

what cancer does aniline dyes cause

A

bladder

47
Q

what cancer does aflatoxin cause

A

liver

48
Q

what cancer does alcohol and smoking cause

A

lungs, head and neck, GI

49
Q

3 ways ionising radiation can cause cancer

A
  1. Chromosome translocation
  2. Gene amplification
  3. Oncogene activation
    - fyi: risk increases with smoking
    - remember Aberdeen granite
50
Q

Retroviruses HTLV1 causes

A

adult T cell leukaemia, lymphoma

51
Q

Retroviruses HTLV2

A

hair cell leukaemia

52
Q

BCL2 oncogene activation causes

A

follicular lymphoma

- done by preventing apoptosis

53
Q

what cancer does RET (oncogene cause)

A

MEN2 (multiple endocrine neoplasia)

familial medullary thyroid cancer

54
Q

genes that have to do with DAN repair (mismatch repair)

A 
MLH1
MSH2
MSH6
PMS1
PMS2
55
Q

can nulliparity cause breast cancer?

A

YES

nulliplarity is when women has never given birth in her life.

56
Q

genes contributing to familial breast cancer

A 
High risk: 
BRCA1
BRCA2 
TP53
PALB2
PTEN
STK11
CHEK2 homozygotes
ATM mutation c.7271T>G
Moderate risk: 
CHEK2 heterozygous mutation
ATM (except c.7271T>G)
BRIP1
Possibly RAD51C and RAD51D
57
Q

genes contributing to familial ovarian cancer

A 
High risk: 
BRCA1
BRCA2
TP53
RAD51C
RAD51D
Mis-match repair genes

Moderate risk:
PALB2
BARD1

58
Q

what is the meaning of cnogenital?

A

present at birth

59
Q

what is MYH

A

base repair gene that is responsible for CRC syndrome.

  • is recessive
  • associated with MAP of polyposis hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome
60
Q

describe CAR

A

patient’s T lymphocytes are taken out of the body, injected with viral therapeutic gene, and returned to the patient where it will produce surface T cell receptors called chimeric agent receptors (CAR) that will recognize specific tumor antigens.

61
Q

define cancer cachexia

A

weight loss due to changes in metabolism

62
Q

abnormal hormone production in lung cancer

A

caused by release if ACTH/ADH by lung cancer cells that stimulate steroid hormone production.

63
Q

c-myc

A
  • transcription activator

- Bur-kit lymphoma

64
Q

cyclin D

A
  • cell cycle regulator
  • translocation: mantle cell lymphoma
  • amplification: breast, liver, oesophageal
65
Q

CDK4

A
  • cyclin dependent kinase in cell cycle regulation

- amplification - melanoma

66
Q

sis

A
  • platelet derived growth factor

- over expression - astrocytoma, osteosarcoma

67
Q

what mutation in leukaemia stops chemo from working?

A

EFGR mutation.

68
Q

what drug can be used to cure or prevent breast cancer?

A

tamoxifen, although it gives lots of negative side effects.

- used to treat ER positive breast cancer

69
Q

what role does IFN-a play?

A

alpha interferon is a type of cytokine that is released to deal with viral infections and some cancer by promoting differentiation of some immune cells. However, using this for treatment would bring side effects.

70
Q

rifutimab

A

used to treat lymphoma

71
Q

trastuzumab

A

used to treat HER 2 breast cancer

72
Q

cetuximab

A

used against EGFR mutations (leukemia) and CRC

Principles of Disease (9 decks)

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