Important Distictions

Question 1

Acute and chronic inflammation

Answer 1

Both have the dynamics and character of the inflammation process
Acute has rapid onset, and usually has a resolution. Neutrophils polymorphs are the most abundant cells
Chronic inflammation has a gradual onset and has a prolonged course and slow resolution. Lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages, sometimes with granuloma formation, are the most abundant cells.

Question 2

Exudate and transudate

Answer 2

Exudates have high protein content because they result from increased vascular permeability
Transudates have low protein content because vessels have normal permeability characteristics.

Question 3

Granuloma and granulation tissue

Answer 3

Granuloma is aggregate of epithelioid histiocytes and a feature of some specific chronic inflammatory disorders.
Granulation tissue is an important component of healing and comprises small vessels in connective tissue matrix with myofibroblasts

Question 4

Monocytes, macrophages, histiocytes

Answer 4

Monocytes are newly formed cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system. After a few hours in the blood, they will enter tissues and undergo further differentiation into macrophages. Some macrophages are in tissues and these are called histiocytes

Question 5

Fibrin, fibrous tissues, fibroblasts, fibrinogen

Answer 5

Fibrin is deposited in the blood vessels and tissues or on surfaces as a result of the action of thrombin on fibrinogen. Fibrous tissues are non mineralised tissues of which the principal component is collagen, like scar tissue
Fibroblasts are connective tissue cells that synthesize collagen in granulation tissues as well as the extracellular matrix of cells

Question 6

Common mutations in different races of people

Answer 6

dominant hereditary breast cancer gene mutations BRCA1/2 are found in:

• Ashkenazi Jewish
• Polish
• Lithuanian
• Ascandinavian

Recessive diseases are found in:

• Ashkenazi: Ty-Sachs
• Northwest EU: celtic CF
• Amish of Pennsylvania: babies born with Ellis-van Creveld syndrome - natal teeth, polydactyly (extra fingers)

Question 7

Carriers of recessive disorders that have increased fitness

Answer 7

sickle cell disease (Africa) - Malaria
thalassemia (SE Asia, Mediterranean) - malaria
G6 phosphate deficiency (Mediterranean) - malaria
congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) (Yupick Escimos) - influenza B
GM2 gangliocosidosis (Tay-sachs disease) (Jews)- TB
CF (Western Europe) - typhoid/cholera