Common Drugs

Question 1

Drugs that limit gastric emptying

Answer 1

anticholinergics
tricyclic antidepressants
opiates

Question 2

Drugs that increase gastric emptying (accelerate absorption of paracetamol)

Answer 2

domperidone

metoclopramide

Question 3

Drugs with protein binding more than 95% (meaning that slight change will result in drastic changes in bioav)

Answer 3

Amitriptyline 
Chlorpromazine 
Clofibrate 
Diazepam 
Dicloxacillin 
Diphenhydramine 
Furosemide 
Glyburide 
Ibuprofen 
Imipramine
Naproxen 
Nifedipine 
Nortriptyline 
Oxazepam 
Phenytoin* 
Thyroxine 
Valproic acid* 
Warfarin

Question 4

Drugs interactions with warfarin (anticoagulant) that will result in bleeding, as well as inhibit cytochrome m

Answer 4

Cimetidine (diazepam) + warfarin
Metronidazol (alcohol) + warfarin
Omeprazole (phenytoin) + warfarin

Question 5

Inducers of cytochrome P450, increases metabolism rate

Answer 5

carbamazepine
phenytoin
rifampacin
tobacco, alcohol
barbiturates

Question 6

drugs that inhibit excretion

Answer 6

calcium channel blockers
digoxin
verapamil/diltiazem

Question 7

drugs that increase tubular reabsorption in the kidneys

Answer 7

loop diuretics

lithium

Question 8

Calcium channel inhibitors (will inhibit renal excretion)

Answer 8

digoxin

verapamil/diltiazem

Question 9

These increase tubular absorption in the kidneys

Answer 9

Loop diuretics

lithium

Question 10

describe mechanism of asthma attack and inhaler (direct antagonism)

Answer 10

• beta blockers like atenolol will inhibit the function of bronchodilators that relieve the symptoms of asthma
• chemicals in inhalers like subutamol and propanol act as antagonists to the beta blockers, inhibiting them and relieving asthma.

Question 11

give an example of indirect and direct antagonism

Answer 11

DIRECT: beta blockers and subutamol/propanol in asthma.
INDIRECT: NSAID and antihypertension drugs.

Question 12

how does b blockers treat angina

Answer 12

slows down the heart rate which reduces the O2 demand to the heart muscles and reduce angina attacks.

Question 13

side effects of steroids

Answer 13

• acne
• blurred vision
• high blood pressure
• easy bruising
• liver, kidney, and heart disease

Question 14

sides effects of ACE inhibitors

Answer 14

coughing

renal failure –> toxicity

Question 15

what 3 types of drugs cause over 30% of all ADRs

Answer 15

• non steroidical anti inflammatory drugs
• anticoagulants
• antiplatelets

Question 16

types of ADR onset

Answer 16

acute
sub acute
mild

Question 17

examples for each type of ADR onset

Answer 17

acute: anaphylaxis
sub acute: serum sickness
mild: eczamatous eruptions

Question 18

levels of ADR severity

Answer 18

mild
moderate
sever

Question 19

ADR severity with examples

Answer 19

mild: metronidazole - metallic taste in mouth
moderate: amphotericin - hypokalemia
severe: kidney failure

Question 20

given an example of an enzyme abnormality caused Pharmacogenetic variation.

Answer 20

G6PD deficiency: sex linked inherited deficiency of this enzyme will lead to susceptability to RBC harmolysis when given drugs like:

• primaquine
• sulphonamides

Question 21

alkylating agents purpose and side effects

Answer 21

cancer treatment

may lead to type D ADR: causes secondary tumors decades later

Question 22

withdrawal effect of carticosteroid therapy

Answer 22

adrenal insufficiency

Question 23

withdrawal effect of beta blockers

Answer 23

unstable angina and MI

Question 24

withdrawal effect of antiepileptics

Answer 24

seizures

Question 25

common drugs related to withdrawal

Answer 25

Alcohol Benzodiazepines Beta-blockers corticosteroids

Question 26

what is NSAID

Answer 26

drugs that reduce inflammation

Question 27

what is Analgesic

Answer 27

drugs that reduce pain, works on the CNS and PNS

Question 28

drugs that actually have decreased absorption rate with increased gut motility

Answer 28

digoxin | riboflavin

Question 29

drugs that avoid first pass metabolism

Answer 29

``` suppository(rectum) intravenous intramuscular inhalational aerosol transdermal sublingual ```

Question 30

IV vs IM

Answer 30

IM is used for drugs that are lipid soluble and not water soluble

Question 31

enteric coated capsules are useful because?

Answer 31

they are coated in polymer capsules that will allow them to survive gastric environment as well as protect the stomach lining from drug toxicity

Question 32

monoclonal antibiotics for lymphoma and HER2 breast cancer

Answer 32

lymphoma: Brentuximab | HER2 breast: Transtuzumab

Question 33

define dendimer

Answer 33

highly branched biodegradable synthetic molecule increases drug solubility in delivery systems

Question 34

what should be treat Parkinson's disease with?

Answer 34

levodopa and carbidopa

Question 35

2 most common plasma proteins

Answer 35

albumin | alpha glycoprotein

Question 36

epidemiology

Answer 36

study of populations to determine the frequency and distribution of diseases and to measure the risk of those diseases.

Question 37

classification of onset with examples

Answer 37

acute - anaphylaxis subacute - serum sickness latent - eczematous eruptions (rashes)

Question 38

classification of severity

Answer 38

mild - metronidazole: antibiotic that leaves metallic taste moderate - amphotericin: IV antibiotic that causes hypokalemia, which is low potassium in blood severe - kidney failure

Question 39

examples of type A drug reaction

Answer 39

amitriptyline antidepressant - blurred vision, urine and bowel tension domperidone - nipple discharge tricyclic antidepressant - dry mouth spironolactone - enlargement of men's breasts beta blockers - broncho spasm

Question 40

examples of type B reaction

Answer 40

eczema (inflamed skin) steven johnson's syndrome drug allergy and hypersensitivity

Question 41

examples of type C reaction

Answer 41

osteoporosis - induced by steroids avascular necrosis of the hip - growth retardation pulmonary fibrosis - reaction to amiodarone which regulates heartbeat opiate dependence nephropathy of the kidney - from NSAID and paracetemol tarditive dyskenesia - reaction to necrotic drugs

Question 42

examples of type D reactions

Answer 42

carcinogenesis - reaction to alkylating agents like cyclophosphamide teratogenesis fetogenesis

Question 43

examples of type E reactions

Answer 43

addisonian crisis - withdrawal of steroids adrenal insufficiency - withdrawal carticosteroid therapy unstable angina - withdrawal of beta blockers seizures - withdrawal of antiepileptics