Tulving 1972 (LTM)

Question 1

What is the definition of procedural memory? Give an example.

Answer 1

The memory of HOW to do things, such as tying shoelaces or using a knife and fork.
Procedural memory is typically automatic once learned.

Question 2

What is declarative memory? Give an example.

Answer 2

The memory of meaningful events and information, including experiences and facts.
Being taught how to play the guitar even is you’ve forgotten how to do it.
Declarative memory can be consciously recalled.

Question 3

What are the two types of declarative memory according to Tulving?

Answer 3

• Episodic Memory
• Semantic Memory

Tulving distinguishes these as independent memory stores.

Question 4

Define episodic memory.

Answer 4

The memory of personal experiences and events that are time-stamped and contextually linked.
It functions like a mental diary.

Question 5

What types of information does episodic memory include?

Answer 5

• Events
• Names
• Dates
• People
• Places
• Behaviors

These elements are interwoven to produce a single memory.

Question 6

What are contextual cues in relation to episodic memory?

Answer 6

Triggers that help recall memories, such as sights or sounds associated with an event.

Examples include smells or specific locations.

Question 7

What is semantic memory?

Answer 7

A mental thesaurus or dictionary containing facts, general knowledge, and meanings of words.

It is likened to an encyclopedia and does not rely on time-stamping.

Question 8

How does semantic memory differ from episodic memory?

Answer 8

Semantic memory stores general knowledge and facts without time-stamping, while episodic memory is linked to personal experiences and events.

Question 9

Provide an example of information stored in semantic memory.

Answer 9

Knowing that July is the month after June.
Summers are hot in Kathmandu.

Semantic memory includes knowledge about the world and concepts.

Question 10

True or False: Episodic memories are usually automatically recalled.

Answer 10

False.

Episodic memories require conscious effort to recall.

Question 11

Fill in the blank: Semantic memory can be described as a mental _______.

Answer 11

encyclopaedia.

It stores a vast collection of concepts and facts.

Question 12

What happens to your Procedural memories?

Answer 12

You retain these memories despite forgetting being taught to do these things. They are automatic processes.

Question 13

Give an example of an episodic memory.

Answer 13

Recently, last week, this morning.
You have an appointment the next day, the most recent visit to the dentist.

Question 14

Give the 5 main points about episodic memory’s.

Answer 14

*Can only be retrieved if they have been encoded and stored.
*Linked to time and context.
*Perceptually encoded- linked to the 5 senses.
*Triggered by contextual cues.
*You have to make a conscious effort to recall them.

Question 15

Give the 5 main points about semantic memory’s.

Answer 15

*Stores information about the world.
*Does not rely on stored information to be retrieved.
*They’re not time-stamped.
*It is constantly being added to.
*Requires a conscious effort to recall them.

Question 16

What is Tulving’s main point for this theory?

Answer 16

It is the explanation of Long-Term memory(1972).
He makes the distinction between different types of LTM- procedural memory and declarative memory.

Question 17

Compare the nature of memory between semantic and episodic memory.

Answer 17

Semantic- mental encyclopaedia- memory of meanings

Episodic- mental diary- memory of experiences

Question 18

Compare the Time of Learning for semantic and episodic memory.

Answer 18

Semantic- Memories are not linked to the time/ place they were learnt.

Episodic- Memories are linked to the time and context they occurred.

Question 19

Is semantic and episodic memory continuous or fragmented input?

Answer 19

Semantic- Input can be fragmented and pieced together later.

Episodic- Input is one continuous memory.

Question 20

Compare the need for context for semantic and episodic memory.

Answer 20

Semantic- Not reliant on contextual cues.

Episodic- Reliant on contextual cues.

Question 21

Evaluate the strength of Godden and Baddeley’s 1975 study for Tulving’s theory.

Answer 21

*They sent 18 deep sea divers to either learn a list of words underwater or on land.
*Half of each group later tried to recall the word list underwater and the other half on land.
*Recall was highest when the recalled information was in the same context as they learnt it- their episodic memories have been triggered by environmental cues.
*Supports Tulving’s claim that context is important for episodic long term memory.
*Reliable, Replicable, Applicable, Internally Valid

Question 22

Evaluate the strength from evidence from case studies like Clive Wearing and KC for Tulving’s theory.

Answer 22

KC
*KC could not make or recall episodic memories but could recall semantic facts.
*Supports evidence of two separate memory stores.

Clive Wearing
*Clive Wearing has procedural and semantic memory but lacks episodic memory.
*He cant remember seeing his wife before but remembered that he loves her.
*Supports claim that there are 3 separate stores in LTM

*Accurate, Credible theories.

Question 23

Evaluate the strength of Pet scan evidence in 1994 for Tulving’s theory.

Answer 23

*Tulving Et Al conducted PET scans.
*Found that different parts of the brain were active when completing different LTM tasks.
*Episodic memory= hippocampus and medial temporal lobes.
*Semantic memory= frontal lobe.
*Procedural memory= cerebellum

*Credible, Valid, Replicable, Objective

Question 24

Evaluate the strength of Schmolk et al’s study in 2002 for Tulving’s theory.

Answer 24

*Studied 14 cases of brain injury to the medial temporal lobe and hippocampus.
*Found a clear link between damage to the temporal cortex and the loss of semantic LTM.
*Damage to hippocampus suffered loss of episodic memory.
*Suggests semantic and episodic LTM are encoded in different parts of the brain.

*Internally Valid, Credible

Question 25

Evaluate the strength of Tulving’s theory for its application to society.

Answer 25

*Can be applied to real life.
*Suggests that eyewitnesses to crimes should be interviewed at the scene of the crime to provide contextual cues to aid episodic memory recall of crime.

*Credible

Question 26

Evaluate the strength of Ostergaards study in 1987 for Tulving’s theory.

Answer 26

*Studied a 10 year old boy who had a brain injury to both his episodic and semantic memory.
*He still made academic progress as his procedural memory was intact.
*Supports theory that there are separate LTM stores.

*credible

Question 27

Evaluate the weakness of the interaction between LTM types for Tulving’s theory.

Answer 27

*Tulving failed to account for how semantic and episodic memories are interrelated.
*When given a task to learn definitions of new words, there’s an episodic aspect of where and when the task took place alongside a semantic aspect of learning words.
*Makes it difficult to isolate both memory’s in order to be studied in lab experiments.

*Reductionist

Question 28

Evaluate the weakness of Squire and Zola’s 1998 study for Tulving’s theory.

Answer 28

*They examines children with amnesia and adults with amnesia.
*Both participants episodic and semantic memories were equally impaired.
*Supports the idea that the two memory functions are linked or even the same thing.

*Not valid, Not credible.

Question 29

Evaluate the weakness of Steyvers and Hemmers 2012 study for Tulving’s theory.

Answer 29

*Suggested that it is not possible to study both forms of memory separately as episodic memory relies on prior knowledge which is semantic so suggests two separate stores may not be valid.
*Not possible to operationalise Tulving’s different LTM- they cannot be defined in a measurable way so they cannot be objectively tested.

*Not credible, Not valid.

Question 30

Evaluate the weakness of dementia for Tulving’s theory.

Answer 30

*Damage to the temporal cortex of the brain causes problems with semantic and episodic memory (like in dementia).
*Suggests declarative and non-declarative memory are located in the same place in the brain.
*May turn out to be the same thing working in different ways.

*Lacks validity, Lacks credibility.