Tulving 1972 (LTM) Flashcards
What is the definition of procedural memory? Give an example.
The memory of HOW to do things, such as tying shoelaces or using a knife and fork.
Procedural memory is typically automatic once learned.
What is declarative memory? Give an example.
The memory of meaningful events and information, including experiences and facts.
Being taught how to play the guitar even is you’ve forgotten how to do it.
Declarative memory can be consciously recalled.
What are the two types of declarative memory according to Tulving?
- Episodic Memory
- Semantic Memory
Tulving distinguishes these as independent memory stores.
Define episodic memory.
The memory of personal experiences and events that are time-stamped and contextually linked.
It functions like a mental diary.
What types of information does episodic memory include?
- Events
- Names
- Dates
- People
- Places
- Behaviors
These elements are interwoven to produce a single memory.
What are contextual cues in relation to episodic memory?
Triggers that help recall memories, such as sights or sounds associated with an event.
Examples include smells or specific locations.
What is semantic memory?
A mental thesaurus or dictionary containing facts, general knowledge, and meanings of words.
It is likened to an encyclopedia and does not rely on time-stamping.
How does semantic memory differ from episodic memory?
Semantic memory stores general knowledge and facts without time-stamping, while episodic memory is linked to personal experiences and events.
Provide an example of information stored in semantic memory.
Knowing that July is the month after June.
Summers are hot in Kathmandu.
Semantic memory includes knowledge about the world and concepts.
True or False: Episodic memories are usually automatically recalled.
False.
Episodic memories require conscious effort to recall.
Fill in the blank: Semantic memory can be described as a mental _______.
encyclopaedia.
It stores a vast collection of concepts and facts.
What happens to your Procedural memories?
You retain these memories despite forgetting being taught to do these things. They are automatic processes.
Give an example of an episodic memory.
Recently, last week, this morning.
You have an appointment the next day, the most recent visit to the dentist.
Give the 5 main points about episodic memory’s.
*Can only be retrieved if they have been encoded and stored.
*Linked to time and context.
*Perceptually encoded- linked to the 5 senses.
*Triggered by contextual cues.
*You have to make a conscious effort to recall them.
Give the 5 main points about semantic memory’s.
*Stores information about the world.
*Does not rely on stored information to be retrieved.
*They’re not time-stamped.
*It is constantly being added to.
*Requires a conscious effort to recall them.
What is Tulving’s main point for this theory?
It is the explanation of Long-Term memory(1972).
He makes the distinction between different types of LTM- procedural memory and declarative memory.
Semantic and episodic memory are mental whats?..
Semantic- mental encyclopaedia- memory of meanings
Episodic- mental diary- memory of experiences
Compare the Time of Learning for semantic and episodic memory.
Semantic- Memories are not linked to the time/ place they were learnt.
Episodic- Memories are linked to the time and context they occurred.
Is semantic and episodic memory continuous or fragmented input?
Semantic- Input can be fragmented and pieced together later.
Episodic- Input is one continuous memory.
Compare the need for context for semantic and episodic memory.
Semantic- Not reliant on contextual cues.
Episodic- Reliant on contextual cues.
Evaluate the strength of Godden and Baddeley’s 1975 study for Tulving’s theory.
*They sent 18 deep sea divers to either learn a list of words underwater or on land.
*Half of each group later tried to recall the word list underwater and the other half on land.
*Recall was highest when the recalled information was in the same context as they learnt it- their episodic memories have been triggered by environmental cues.
*Supports Tulving’s claim that context is important for episodic long term memory.
*Reliable, Replicable, Applicable, Internally Valid
Evaluate the strength from evidence from case studies like Clive Wearing and KC for Tulving’s theory.
KC
*KC could not make or recall episodic memories but could recall semantic facts.
*Supports evidence of two separate memory stores.
Clive Wearing
*Clive Wearing has procedural and semantic memory but lacks episodic memory.
*He cant remember seeing his wife before but remembered that he loves her.
*Supports claim that there are 3 separate stores in LTM
*Accurate, Credible theories.
Evaluate the strength of Pet scan evidence in 1994 for Tulving’s theory.
*Tulving Et Al conducted PET scans.
*Found that different parts of the brain were active when completing different LTM tasks.
*Episodic memory= hippocampus and medial temporal lobes.
*Semantic memory= frontal lobe.
*Procedural memory= cerebellum
*Credible, Valid, Replicable, Objective
Evaluate the strength of Schmolk et al’s study in 2002 for Tulving’s theory.
*Studied 14 cases of brain injury to the medial temporal lobe and hippocampus.
*Found a clear link between damage to the temporal cortex and the loss of semantic LTM.
*Damage to hippocampus suffered loss of episodic memory.
*Suggests semantic and episodic LTM are encoded in different parts of the brain.
*Internally Valid, Credible
