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Tudors - Chapter 1 - Henry VIII Flashcards

1
Q

When did Henry become heir to the throne?

A

10 in 1502 following Prince Arthur’s death

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2
Q

Henry’s strengths

A

“Renaissance Prince” image, lute, intelligent, jousting (code of chivalry)

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2
Q

What is the “Imperial King”

A

Chosen by God, as powerful as Roman Emperors

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3
Q

What ministers did Henry inherit from his father?

A

Sir Thomas Lovell, Thomas Howard

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3
Q

How did Henry immediately jeopardise the crown’s money?

A

Abolished Council Learned in Law, arrested Dudley and Empson, cancelled 175 bonds owed to his father

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3
Q

How many advisers in privy council?

A

20

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3
Q

Wolsey’s education

A

Oxford, degree at 15

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4
Q

How did Wolsey prove himself to Henry in 1512?

A

Became one of his most trusted advisers, organised 1513 expedition to France (30,000 men supplies.)

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5
Q

What happened to Wolsey in 1514 and 1515?

A

Appointed Archbishop of York and then Cardinal/Lord Chancellor

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6
Q

What did Wolsey do in 1526?

A

Eltham Ordinances - reorganised chaotic finances of the Privy Chamber and made government more efficient (took a long time for change to occur.)

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7
Q

How did Wolsey try and change justice and did it work?

A

Attempted to introduce civil law at the expense of common law. Very successful but created lots of enemies

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8
Q

How did the Star Chamber work?

A

120 cases per year, fairer because verdict was based on evidence rather than precedent and encouraged commoners to bring cases forward.

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9
Q

Was Wolsey a friend of the poor and how?

A

Yes, supported laws against enclosures (land stolen by richer farmers)

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10
Q

How did Wolsey use Court of Requests?

A

To hear cases from poor people, charged low fees and made quick decisions

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11
Q

How many parliaments called during Wolsey’s time?

A

2

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12
Q

How did Wolsey try to fix finances in 1522?

A

Organised national survey to assess who could pay tax, gained $200,000 in forced loans

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13
Q

Why was finances difficult during Henry’s reign?

A

Inflation and Henry’s costly foreign policy

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14
Q

What did Wolsey propose to raise money that led to a rebellion?

A

Subsidy, Amicable Grant (1525)

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15
Q

Did Wolsey help the economy? Key points?

A

. Tried to address enclosures (stopped in 1518 due to landowner opposition)
. 1527 - bad harvest, inflation and unemployment due to Wolsey’s recoinage
. Suffering from poor, several riots in 1528

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16
Q

First impressions of Cromwell?

A

Ruthless, scheming but effective politician, supporter of the rule of law, heavily Protestant, supported reformation

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17
Q

Was Cromwell as powerful as Wolsey?

A

No, his position was strongest after securing execution of Anne Boleyn

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18
Q

How did Cromwell extend Power of Crown?

A

Act in Restraint of Appeals(1533), uses Break with Rome, 1536 - Act of Union with Wales

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19
Q

Why did Cromwell want to extend power of the crown?

A

To create a unitary state with all power derived from monarch (Pope had too much power)

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20
Q

What did 1536 Act of Union with Wales do and was it a success?

A

reorganised local government, yes.

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21
How does Cromwell weaken Church during Break with Rome?
Act of Royal Supremacy Taxes that went to Pope now go to Henry
22
How does Cromwell improve finances?
Courts of Augmentations Court of First Fruits and Tenths Inheritance money from Wards now goes to King Break With Rome
23
What did the Court of Augmentations do?
Controlled the land once under control of the Church
24
How did Cromwell's downfall start?
Position weakened after Anne of Cleeves divorce, publication of Catholic Six Articles (1539)
25
When was Cromwell executed?
28 July 1540
26
Why was Cromwell executed?
Due to Norfolk's claims that he was protecting radical Protestants in Calais
27
Two factions?
Conservative and Reform factions
28
2 reasons as to why factionalism grew?
Henry decided to not appoint another chief minister to succeed Wolsey, More and Cromwell (led to competing/power vaccum) Henry was in poor health and rival factions had to take decisions on his behalf
29
Conservative Faction Key Figures
Duke of Norfolk Earl of Surrey
30
Reform Faction Key Figures
Thomas Cranmer Edward Seymour
31
Beliefs of Factions
Conservatie - supported Henry as head of Church but believed in Catholic doctrines Reform - Fully supportive of Henry as Head of Church and wanted to introduce further protestant doctrine
32
Years of dominance for factions
Conservative - 1540-1542 Reform - 1542-1547
33
Reasons for rise of reformists
1.Henry married Catherine Parr who ensured children were educated by Protestants 2. Approval of Succession Act (ensured Edward's reign which was good as he was protestant.) 3. Bishop Gardiner lost influence 4. Earl of Surrey executed
34
Positives of Henry's reign?
Printing became more common Education became more important Under Cromwell, government became efficient
35
Negatives of Henry's reign?
Growing population put pressure on food, jobs, etc Rise of enclosure in countryside disputed traditional village life Wars against France and Scotland became expensive (inflation)
36
Other details of Henry's reign
Protestantism became stronger Power of monarchy strengthened (Henry's use of jousting, ceremonies impressed foreign visitors)
37
How did Henry fight for the divorce?
Alliance with Protestant reformers Challenged the Pope
38
Act of Restraint of Appeals (1533)
Stopped Henry's subjects appealing to the Pope against decisions made by English church courts
39
Why was More executed?
Refusing to take Oath of Succession which recognised Henry's divorce (1535)
40
When was Act of Supremacy passed and what did it do?
1534 - acknowledged Henry and Head of Church severing all ties with Rome
41
When was Treason Act passed and what did it do?
1534 - imposed death penalty for denying Henry's supremacy over church
42
Evidence that Church of England was Protestant (4 points)
1. By 1536 many councillors were fervent Protestants which influenced the debate in court 2. Cromwell encouraged Protestant writers like Thomas Starkey and enforced the Bible (not Pope) 3. 1537-first official English Bible published and placed in every church by Royal Proclamation 4. Jane Seymour also Protestant
43
Evidence that Church of England still had Catholic elements (3 points)
1. Henry himself retained core beliefs like church decoration, vestments and transubstantiation 2. 10 articles included prayer for the dead (catholic practice) 3. Six Articles of 1539 were very Catholic (enforced celibacy of priests, transubstantiation, seven sacraments)
44
How many religious houses were prevalent at the start of Henry's reign?
825
45
What did the Act of Supremacy give Henry the power to do to religious establishments?
Henry calculated value of monastic land and decided to reform them
46
What did religious houses do?
Gave shelter to travellers, provided employment for labourers, provided medicine and food to those in need
47
When did parliament pass ac Act to close smaller monasteries?
1536 for houses valued under $200
48
When did parliament pass an act to close down larger monasteries?
1539
49
When was Court of Augmentations established and what did it do?
1540 - handle property and income from dissoluted monasteries
50
2 causes for the dissolution of monasteries
most likely source of rebellion against Protestantism, monasteries could doubly Henry's income to fund his wars, "corruption" of monks
51
Consequences of dissolution of monasteries?
Henry could finance foreign policy, monks and nuns became homeless, nobles benefited from obtained land
52
Who led the PoG
Aske, Darcy, Hussey
53
Why did the PoG start?
In response to the Church being stripped of its ornaments
54
How did the PoG spread?
From Louth to Lincolnshire
55
How many rebels were involved in the PoG?
40,000 (commoners and nobles)
56
What did the rebels take over in the PoG?
Pontefract Castle but never engaged in pitch battle against royal forces (presented a petition)
57
How did Henry deal with PoG?
Duke of Norfolk assembled army but never used Rebels dispersed, execution of leaders after promised pardon by Henry
58
Who opposed the reform?
Thomas More, Aragonese Faction, Cathusian monks

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