TTDM Flashcards
List at least 5 Signs and symptoms of TTDM
- Glucosuria (Glucose in urine)
- Polyuria (Increased urination)
- Polydipsia (Increased thirst)
- Polyphagia (Increased hunger)
- Weight loss
- Prolonged wound healing
For each of the following signs/symptoms of diabetes, outline the underlying pathophysiology
- Polyuria
- Polydipsia
- poor wound healing
- Increased urination occurs due to glucose in the urine creating an osmotic gradient that draws more water into the filtrate/urine, increasing urine volume.
- Thirst occurs due to increased water loss via the kidneys because of the increased osmolarity of filtrate/urine.
- Poor wound healing is due to glycosylation of blood vessels decreasing gas, nutrient & waste exchange and decreasing movement of WBCs into damaged tissues, thus there is less ability for tissue repair to occur.
Describe the risk factors of TTDM
- Advanced age
- Obesity
3.Glucose intolerance
Tingling and numbness beginning in the lower legs and eventually progressing to the knee and thigh would be classified as
Peripherals neuropathies
Which of the following complications of diabetes may occur due to microvascular damage associated with glycosylation
Vision loss related to Retinopathies
Describe Keto Acidosis
Due to the alterations in cellular metabolism and respiration causing:
1. Increased acidity in blood
2. dehydration
3. Disrupts electrolyte levels
Pathophysiology of TTDM @ Blood
- Excess glucose in blood = Hyperglycemia
- Reabsorption by kidneys becomes saturated
- Remains in urine causing Glycosuria
- causes osmotic gradient, draws more water to urine causing Polyuria
- Excess of water loss causing Dehydration and Polydipsia
Pathophysiology of TTDM @ Blood Vessels
- Increased glucose on blood causes Glycosylation
- Glucose deposits on membrane of blood vessels
- Decreases gas, nutrients and waste exchange
- Causes Ischemia, tissue damage and reduced inflammatory response poor wound healing and fatigue
- Without sufficient glucose, cells starve causing decreased insulin
Pathophysiology of TTDM @ Cells
- Increased Gluconeogenesis
- increased lipolysis and fatty acids used for cell ATP generation
- Production of Keto bodies
- Hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterol
- Atherosclerosis
What are the medications given to help obtain normal BGL
Short Acting Insulin
1. Humalog: Quick onset of 30mins, given before or after meal, works for up too 8hrs
Long Acting Insulin
1. Humulin: onset of 1 hour, insulin crystals are suspended in solution, works for up too 16 hours
Metformin: Hypoglycemic agent that decreases gluconeogenesis and increases uptake of glucose in cells.
Why is the HbA1c test preferred for diagnosis/screening and ongoing evaluation of diabetes?
It measures the average amount of glucose in the blood over the RBC life cycle, which gives an acurate indication of BGL over time.
How does diabetes lead to autonomic neuropathies
Hyperglycemias leads to glycoslation of neurons, disrupts normal action potentials
