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Question 1

Mutation

Answer 1

Change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

Question 2

Base Substitution (Point Mutation)

Answer 2

Single nucleotide replaced by another

Missense mutation

Question 3

Frameshift Mutation

Answer 3

Insertion or deletion of nucleotides, altering reading frame of the mRNA

Question 4

Missense Mutation

Answer 4

Alters a single amino acid

Question 5

Nonsense Mutation

Answer 5

Results in premature stop codon

Question 6

Spontaneous vs. Induced Mutation

Answer 6

Spontaneous: Occurs during DNA replication due to occasional mistakes

Induced: Caused by external agents (mutagens) like radiation.

Question 7

Silent Mutation

Answer 7

No effect on the protein and remains functional

Question 8

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Answer 8

Transfer of genetic information between one living cell to another cell of the same generation

Plasmid transfer

Question 9

Methods of Horizontal Gene Transfer (watch a video)

Answer 9

Transformation: Naked DNA uptake by bacterial cell, integration into chromosome

Transduction: DNA transfer via bacteriophages; phage injects DNA into bacterial cell

Conjugation: Transfer mediated by F factor; F+ donor forms pilus to connect with F- recipient.

Question 10

Plasmids

Answer 10

Small, self-replicating DNA molecules

F Plasmids: Carry genes for F pilus formation.

R Plasmids: Carry antibiotic resistance genes

Vir Plasmids: Carry virulence genes.