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Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

Sum of all chemical reactions that take place in an organism

2 classes:
Anabolic = reactions requiring energy
Catabolic = reactions generating energy

Question 2

Anabolism (Biosynthesis)

Answer 2

Building of complex organic molecules from simple ones

-Example: Amino acids used to build proteins, insulin (anabolic hormone)

Question 3

Catabolism

Answer 3

Breakdown of complex organic molecules into simple ones

-Example: Proteins broken down into amino acids, releasing energy.

Question 4

Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions

Answer 4

Oxidation: Removal of electrons from a molecule.

Reduction: Addition of electrons to a molecule.

Redox Reaction: One molecule gets oxidized, another gets reduced.

Question 5

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

Answer 5

Energy stored in the form of ATP; Energy released is used as a driving force for other reactions

ATP -> ADP + P

Question 6

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)

Answer 6

Carriers electrons and transfers 2 electrons from one substrate to another

NAD + 2e- +2H -> NADH + H

Question 7

Collision Theory

Answer 7

All atoms/molecules continuously move and collide

Activation energy: Energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur.

Factors affecting reaction rate: Temperature, pressure, concentration.

Question 8

Enzymes

Answer 8

Catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being permanently altered

Act on specific substrates; each enzyme catalyzes only one reaction

Question 9

Carbohydrate Catabolism

Answer 9

Breakdown of carbohydrates for energy

Processes: Cellular respiration, fermentation.

Question 10

Cellular Respiration

Answer 10

Glycolysis: Splitting of glucose into pyruvate, occurring in the cytoplasm

TCA (Krebs cycle): Complete breakdown of pyruvate to CO2, occurring in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells or cytoplasm of bacterial cells

Electron Transport Chain (ETC): Transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen, producing ATP, occurring in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotic cells or cell membrane of bacterial cells.

Question 11

Fermentation

Answer 11

Anaerobic process of breaking down glucose to produce ATP without oxygen

Begins with glycolysis and does not involve the TCA cycle or ETC

Pyruvate is converted into a fermentation product at the end of glycolysis

Question 12

Food Catabolism

Answer 12

Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides broken down into glucose

Lipids: Broken into fatty acids and glycerol.

Proteins: Broken into amino acids.

Anabolism (also called Precursor Metabolites